磁共振、彩色多普勒及间接门脉数字减影血管造影在门静脉系统显像中的对照研究

目的 评价磁共振血管成像（MRA）、彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）及间接门脉数字减影血管造影（DSA）在门静脉高压症门脉系统及门体侧支循环显像中的应用和三者优缺点比较。方法 32例该症病人接受了MRA检查,20例病人分别行CDFI和DSA检查。结果 MRA对胃左静脉侧支（LGV）、胃短静脉侧支（SGV）、开放脐静脉侧支（UV）、自发脾肾静脉分流侧支、胃后静脉侧支（PGV）及腹膜后交通侧支的检出率分别为93.75%、87.5%、6.25%、15.62%、37.5%和28.13%,其中1例合并门脉主干（MPV）栓塞;CDFI对LGV、SGV、UV诸侧支的显示率分别为80％、5％、10％,1例合并脾静脉栓塞,另1例合并MPV海绵样变;间接门脉DSA对前述侧支的显示率分别为80％、45％及25％。结论 MRA能更全面、准确地了解门脉系统及门体侧支循环的建立情况。     

阴茎背神经切断术治疗早泄

目的评价阴茎背神经切断术治疗早泄的效果。方法自1997~2006年门诊早泄患者19例行阴茎背神经切断术治疗早泄。局麻下于阴茎背侧距冠状沟0.5~1cm处做2~3cm横切口,切开深筋膜,暴露左右两侧之阴茎背神经,并切除部分神经分支。记录患者手术前后阴道内射精潜伏时间和夫妻双方性交满意度。结果19例患者术前平均阴道内射精潜伏时间和性交满意度分别为(1.01±0.58)min(0.10~1.90min)和(14.89±6.08)%(5%~25%),术后平均射精潜伏期和性交满意度分别为(4.14±2.99)min(0.40~9.10min)和(57.47±28.28)%(10%~87%),手术前后相比P<0.01。19例中15例有效,有效率为78.95%,4例无效,2例出现术后轻度局部疼痛,1周后缓解。结论阴茎背神经切断术是一种治疗早泄的有效方法,适用于治疗年轻且不合并ED的患者。     

桡动脉掌浅支腕横纹皮瓣在手指创面修复中的应用

目的:总结桡动脉掌浅支腕横纹皮瓣在手指创面修复中的应用方法及疗效。方法:2012年11月~2013年5月,收治9例手指创面患者,其中男5例,女4例;年龄13~68岁,平均42.5岁。致伤原因:机器挤压伤4例,压砸伤4例,热压伤1例。致伤部位:均为手指,其中拇指1例,示指4例,中指3例,环指1例,小指2例,指掌侧创面5例,指背侧创面4例,创面范围1.5cm×3cm~3.0cm×7cm,单纯皮肤软组织缺损1例,其余均伴指骨骨折、肌腱损伤、血管神经等损伤,急诊一期手术5例,延迟手术4例;然后采用大小为2.0cm×3.5cm~3.5cm×7.5cm的桡动脉掌浅支腕横纹皮瓣游离移植修复缺损;供区直接缝合。结果:术后皮瓣完全成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合;供区切口Ⅰ期愈合。术后患者均获随访,随访时间6~12个月,平均8.5月。皮瓣不臃肿,颜色及质地与周围正常皮肤相似,手指外形满意。手指恢复部分浅感觉,术后6月,按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准中拇、手指再造功能评定试用标准评定,获优7例,良1例,中1例,差0例,优良率88.89%。结论:桡动脉掌浅支腕横纹游离皮瓣具有术后功能、外观良好的优点,是修复手指创面的理想方法之一。     

Direct and reversed dorsal digital island flaps: A review of 65 cases

BackgroundReconstruction of soft tissue defects in fingers continues to be a challenging problem. The purpose of this study is to report the reconstruction of small-to-moderate defects of fingers with dorsal digital island flap (DDIF) and to evaluate the efficacy of use of the flap.MethodsOver last six years, a retrospective study was conducted with 65 patients who had soft tissue defects of fingers treated with the DDIF. Sixty-nine soft-tissue defects were found in 69 fingers in 65 patients. Based on the flow direction of blood supply, the patients were divided into two groups: the direct (n = 35) and reversed (n = 30) DDIF groups. In addition, based on the different donor sites, the direct DDIF group was divided into two subgroups: the proximal phalangeal direct DDIF subgroup (n = 16) and the extended pedicle direct DDIF subgroup (n = 19). The main outcomes were static 2-point discrimination and Semmes–Weinstein monofilament scores of flap and joint motion.ResultsAt the final follow-up, the mean static two-point discrimination of the flaps was 9.7 mm (range, 8 to 12 mm) in the proximal phalangeal direct DDIF subgroup and 8.3 mm (range, 7 to 11 mm) in the extended pedicle direct DDIF subgroup, with a significant difference (p = 0.005). In the direct DDIF group, there was no significant difference in total active motion between the donor fingers and the opposite sides. In the reversed DDIF group, the mean total active motion of the donor fingers was 170° and the data of the opposite sides was 181°, with a significant difference (p = 0.024). Maximum amplitude losses of 15° were seen in 12% of patients in the distal interphalangeal joint.ConclusionsThe DDIF is reliable and technically easy for reconstructing small-to-moderate defects of fingers. The extended pedicle direct DDIF may be an optional solution when sensory reconstruction is needed.     

A new paradigm in the management of acute type A aortic dissection: Total aortic repair

The currently accepted guidelines of open surgical repair for acute type A aortic dissection include the resection of the primary entry tear, replacement of the ascending aorta and “hemi-arch” with an open distal anastomosis, and aortic valve resuspension and some form of obliteration of the aortic root false lumen. The principal aim is protection against aortic rupture, aortic regurgitation, and coronary ischemia and restoration of antegrade preferential true lumen perfusion. Proponents argue that this operation is tailored to be in the armamentarium of most cardiac surgeons and deliver the lowest early operative risk while leaving the infrequent long-term sequelae to be dealt with electively by experienced aortic centers. Although this may sound to be a compelling argument, the actual outcomes suggest that it falls significantly short of achieving its noble goals on both acute and chronic counts. This led us to develop a seemingly more radical paradigm, which aims to achieve total aortic healing in the acute phase. We describe a total aortic repair technique for acute type A aortic dissection consisting of “branch first” total arch repair, followed by thoracoabdominal stenting and balloon rupture of the septum. The total aortic repair technique ensures that the aortic valve, ascending aorta, and arch are surgically securely repaired, and provides complete decompression of the false lumen as well as internal support in the remainder of the aorta. This has provided excellent early results and will hopefully minimize future complications and interventions.     

Surgical management of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a specialized hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy center

ObjectivesThis study evaluates operative approach and contemporary surgical outcomes in the management of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction by a single surgeon at a high-volume, specialized hypertrophic cardiomyopathy center.MethodsThis is a retrospective review of 1559 consecutive operations for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction from 2005 to 2015. Demographic profiles, echocardiogram-derived ventricular morphology and hemodynamics, operative data, and in-hospital outcomes were analyzed.ResultsOf the 1559 operations, 586 were isolated septal myectomies, 522 were myectomies with mitral valve or subvalvular apparatus intervention, 422 were myectomies with another concomitant procedure, and 29 were isolated mitral valve interventions without myectomy. Common mitral valve interventions included anterior leaflet shortening (16%), chordae tendineae resection (9.8%), papillary muscle resection (7.2%), and papillary muscle reorientation (7.5%). Ninety-two patients underwent mitral valve replacement, 42 for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and 50 for intrinsic mitral valve pathology. Patients undergoing mitral interventions had thinner septums (18 ± 0.4 mm vs 22 ± 0.5 mm, P < .001) and less myocardium removed (6.2 ± 3.5 g vs 8.8 ± 3.8 g, P < .001) than patients without a mitral intervention. Prevalence of in-hospital permanent pacemaker insertion was 4.2% (n = 1334) for complete heart block and 1.1% (n = 464) for isolated septal myectomy with normal preoperative conduction. Overall, there were 2 postoperative ventricular septal defects (0.13%) and none for isolated myectomies. Operative mortality was 0.38%.ConclusionsSeptal myectomy can be performed safely with excellent outcomes when the procedure is performed by a highly experienced surgeon in a high-volume, specialized center. A mitral valve intervention is a useful adjunct in patients with moderate hypertrophy.     

系统腰腹肌功能锻炼对经皮椎间孔镜靶向穿刺定位治疗 LDH 术后功能恢复的临床研究

目的：评价功能锻炼在腰椎间盘突出症（lumbar disc herniation,LDH）术后的时效性及对腰椎功能恢复的影响。方法：将纳入标准的 100 例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各 50 例,治疗组在经皮椎间孔镜靶向穿刺定位治疗后给予系统腰腹肌功能锻炼,对照组给予直腿抬高练习和背伸肌适度锻炼,随访 1 年;分别于术前及术后１ d、3 月、6 月及 1 年采用VAS、ODI 评分和术后 1 年的腰背部不适例数、腰椎稳定性进行对比。结果：两组术后不同时间点腰痛、腿痛 VAS 评分、ODI 评分术均低于术前（P<0.05）,两组术前、术后 1 d 腰痛、腿痛 VAS 评分、ODI 评分比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗组腰痛 VAS 评分术后 3 月 [(1.31±0.42) 分 vs (2.01±1.03) 分 ]、术后 6 月 [(0.67±0.32) 分 vs (1.58±0.74) 分 ]、术后 1 年 [(0.41±0.17) 分 vs (1.37±0.64) 分 ] 均低于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗组腿痛 VAS 评分术后 3 月 [(1.31±0.42) 分 vs (2.01±1.03) 分 ]、术后 6 月 [(0.67±0.32) 分 vs (1.58±0.74) 分 ]、术后 1 年 [(0.41±0.17) 分 vs (1.37±0.64) 分 ] 均低于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗组 ODI 评分术后 3 月 [(10.14±1.07) 分 vs (12.33±1.28) 分]、6 月 [(8.21±0.14) 分 vs (10.34±0.75)分 ]、1 年 [(7.92±0.05) 分 vs (9.28±0.42) 分 ] 均低于对照组（P<0.05）。术后 1 年,两组腰椎曲度、前凸指数、骶骨倾斜角方面与术前比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗组术后 1 年前凸指数 [(2.52±0.27) cm vs (2.32±0.58) cm]、骶骨倾斜角 [(31.08±4.81)° vs (28.19±3.05)° ] 均高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后 1 年腰腿部不适阳性率比较,P<0.05。结论：经皮椎间孔镜靶向穿刺定位治疗 LDH 术后给予系统腰腹肌功能锻炼,可明显缓解疼痛不适,维持腰椎的稳定性,降低复发率,且症状随系统功能锻炼次数的增加改善越明显。     

接合两侧指背神经的指动脉终末背侧皮支皮瓣修复指端缺损

目的探讨接合两侧指背神经的指动脉终末背侧皮支皮瓣修复指端缺损的方法和临床疗效。方法2008年8月-2011年8月．采用接合两侧指背神经的指动脉终末背侧皮支皮瓣修复2～5指指端缺损6例,其中食指2例,中指1例。环指2例,小指1例,皮瓣切取面积最大22mm×20mm,最小10mm×9mm。结果6例6指皮瓣全部成活．术后经6～24个月随访,平均13个月,皮瓣外观及手指功能恢复满意,感觉恢复S3,皮瓣两点辨别觉6～9mm,平均7．6mm,供区无并发症。结论接合两侧指背神经的指动脉终末背侧皮支皮瓣具有血供可靠．不破坏重要血管,且有可供接合的神经,操作简便等优点,是修复手指指端缺损较为理想的方法。     

Optimal dropout policies for networked control systems

By realizing the feedback paths over communication networks, we get a class of networked control systems (NCSs), where the network's quality‐of‐service (QoS) is commonly characterized by the average dropout rate of feedback data packets. The control performance of an NCS however, is determined not only by the average dropout rate but also by the dropout pattern of feedback data packets. This paper provides a systematic way to determine the optimal dropout pattern (policy) under a given average dropout rate, where the performance is measured by the output signal power under an exogenous white noise. By modeling the finite‐memory dropout policies with the general Markov chain, this paper formulates the optimal dropout policy design into the optimization of parameters of a dropout Markov chain. That optimization is first solved by an augmented Lagrangian gradient method, which may be stuck at local optima because of the problem's non‐convexity. To compensate this weakness, we apply the branch‐and‐bound method to the optimization whose constraints are bilinear. The branch‐and‐bound method can approach the global optimal solution with any desired tolerance in finite steps. The obtained optimal dropout policy may be interpreted as a network's QoS constraint whose enforcement provides a hard guarantee on the control system's performance. An example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the achieved results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of movement imitation training in Parkinson's disease: A virtual reality pilot study

BackgroundHypometria is a clinical motor sign in Parkinson's disease. Its origin likely emerges from basal ganglia dysfunction, leading to an impaired control of inhibitory intracortical motor circuits. Some neurorehabilitation approaches include movement imitation training; besides the effects of motor practice, there might be a benefit due to observation and imitation of un-altered movement patterns. In this sense, virtual reality facilitates the process by customizing motor-patterns to be observed and imitated.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of a motor-imitation therapy focused on hypometria in Parkinson's disease using virtual reality.MethodsWe carried out a randomized controlled pilot-study. Sixteen patients were randomly assigned in experimental and control groups. Groups underwent 4-weeks of training based on finger-tapping with the dominant hand, in which imitation was the differential factor (only the experimental group imitated). We evaluated self-paced movement features and cortico-spinal excitability (recruitment curves and silent periods in both hemispheres) before, immediately after, and two weeks after the training period.ResultsMovement amplitude increased significantly after the therapy in the experimental group for the trained and un-trained hands. Motor thresholds and silent periods evaluated with transcranial magnetic stimulation were differently modified by training in the two groups; although the changes in the input–output recruitment were similar.ConclusionsThis pilot study suggests that movement imitation therapy enhances the effect of motor practice in patients with Parkinson's disease; imitation-training might be helpful for reducing hypometria in these patients. These results must be clarified in future larger trials.