全视网膜光凝治疗糖尿病视网膜病变对视野影响的研究进展

糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)早期视野改变往往比视力更能及时反映病情进展。而全视网膜光凝(PRP)治疗DR在延缓病情进展的同时也造成了患眼视力下降和视野缩小等副作用。有研究表明,PRP治疗后的DR患者可因中心20°范围内的视野缺损而导致驾驶测试失败。为保证PRP疗效同时达到降低并发症的目的,激光技术不断改进与发展,通过调整激光参数、使用新型激光系统、与抗血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)药物联合、中西医结合治疗等方式可一定程度改善患眼视野,实现更佳疗效。未来可考虑在缺血指数(ISI)量化分析下,对视网膜缺血程度进行分级,依据ISI指标和视网膜无灌注区分布探索PRP治疗建议的最佳阈值及光凝范围,从而为DR患者提供更及时、更合理的个性化治疗方案。文章就PRP治疗DR对视野的影响进行简要综述。     

Constipation Is a Frequent Problem Associated with Vascular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-sectional Study

Objective Diabetes is recognized as an underlying disease of constipation. However, the prevalence of constipation varies according to the diagnostic criteria applied. We investigated the prevalence of constipation based on the new guideline for constipation in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and examined the relationship with the clinical background, including diabetic vascular complications. Methods Questionnaire surveys including items concerning the diagnosis and treatment status of constipation were administered to 410 patients with type 2 diabetes. Results Although 29% of the patients considered that they had experienced constipation (self-judged), only 14% had consulted a physician about constipation. The prevalence of chronic constipation based on the guideline was 26%. After including laxative users, constipation was finally found in 36%. Despite the use of laxatives (n=81), 51% of the patients were still diagnosed with chronic constipation. Patients with constipation (chronic constipation or laxative use) were significantly older and had a longer duration of diabetes than those without constipation. The body mass index (BMI) of patients with constipation (24.9±3.8 kg/m²) was significantly lower than that of those without constipation (26.3±4.6 kg/m²). Diabetic neuropathy (49% vs. 32%) and coronary heart disease (CHD) (27% vs. 13%) were significantly more frequent in the patients with constipation than in those without constipation. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that gender, BMI, diabetic neuropathy, insulin use, and CHD were significantly associated with constipation. Conclusion An accurate diagnosis of constipation is desirable in patients with type 2 diabetes because constipation is independently associated with CHD.     

The attenuation effect of potassium 2‐(1‐hydroxypentyl)‐benzoate in a mouse model of diabetes‐associated cognitive decline: The protein expression in the brain

Aims dl‐PHPB (potassium 2‐(1‐hydroxypentyl)‐benzoate) has been shown to have neuroprotective effects against acute cerebral ischemia, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer''s disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dl‐PHPB on memory deficits and preliminarily explore the underlying molecular mechanism.MethodsBlood glucose and behavioral performance were evaluated in the KK‐A^y diabetic mouse model before and after dl‐PHPB administration. Two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D‐DIGE)‐based proteomics was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in brain tissue. Western blotting was used to study the molecular mechanism of the related signaling pathways.ResultsThree‐month‐old KK‐A^y mice were given 150 mg/kg dl‐PHPB by oral gavage for 2 months, which produced no effect on the level of serum glucose. In the Morris water maze test, KK‐A^y mice treated with dl‐PHPB showed significant improvements in spatial learning and memory deficits compared with vehicle‐treated KK‐A^y mice. Additionally, we performed 2D‐DIGE to compare brain proteomes of 5‐month KK‐A^y mice treated with and without dl‐PHPB. We found 14 altered proteins in the cortex and 11 in the hippocampus; two of the 25 altered proteins and another four proteins that were identified in a previous study on KK‐A^y mice were then validated by western blot to further confirm whether dl‐PHPB can reverse the expression levels of these proteins. The phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (PI3K/Akt/GSK‐3β) signaling pathway was also changed in KK‐A^y mice and dl‐PHPB treatment could reverse it.ConclusionsThese results indicate that dl‐PHPB may play a potential role in diabetes‐associated cognitive impairment through PI3K/Akt/GSK‐3β signaling pathway and the differentially expressed proteins may become putative therapeutic targets.     

Association of Dietary Fish and n-3 Unsaturated Fatty Acid Consumption with Diabetic Nephropathy from a District Hospital in Northern Taiwan

Nephropathy caused by diabetes mellitus (DM) is the main cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). To understand the association of dietary intake with renal function indicators among patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN), this cross-sectional study was conducted at the dietetic consultation clinic of the Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital in Taiwan. In total, 317 participants were recruited for this study. Patients with diabetes who had a urinary albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR) of ≥30 mg/g were defined as having DN. The anthropometric characteristics, blood biochemistry, and renal function of the participants were assessed. Furthermore, a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) was administered to investigate the dietary intake of the participants in the DM and DN groups. The result showed that participants in the DN group were older, had longer diabetes duration and poorer glycemic control and renal function than those in the DM group. Logistic regression models revealed that intake of high-fat marine fishes had the lowest odds ratio (OR) for DN risk compared with other fishes (OR: 0.868; 95% CI: 0.781–0.965, p = 0.009). Shellfish, soybean products, and skim milk also provided better protective effects to decrease the risk of DN. A further analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids revealed that Σn-3 PUFAs significantly reduced DN risk, while Σn-6 PUFAs did not, especially EPA (OR: 0.821; 95% CI: 0.688–0.979, p = 0.029) and DHA (OR: 0.903; 95% CI: 0.823–0.992, p = 0.033) regardless of whether the variables were adjusted, including diabetes duration, age, and HbA1c. Our findings suggest that a diet that incorporates high-fat fish, shellfish, soybean products, and a lower Σn-6/Σn-3 ratio can mitigate DN risk.     

高效毛细管电泳法同时测定尿液清蛋白和肌酐

目的建立同时测定尿液清蛋白和肌酐的高效毛细管电泳法。方法对缓冲系统、pH值、缓冲液的离子强度、检测波长、表面活性剂、电压及电流和进样方法等进行研究,建立同时测定清蛋白和肌酐的毛细管电泳法。结果选择20mmol/L、pH9.3硼砂-NaOH(含6mmol/LSDS)缓冲液作为毛细管区带电泳运行液,利用外标法定量,检测波长214nm,同时测定肌酐和清蛋白。非涂层毛细管有效长度47.5cm,内径75μm;电流79μA,压力进样1psi、4s,电泳时间为12min。肌酐和清蛋白的线性范围分别为4.32～8840μmol/L和1.95～1000mg/L,肌酐和清蛋白最低检出限分别为0.977μmol/L和0.285mg/L。本法的日内和日间变异系数均小于4.8%。肌酐和清蛋白的平均回收率分别为99.6%和102.4%。结论建立的方法线性范围宽,测定简单快速,可用于临床检测。     

糖尿病性心肌病的发病机理探析

目的：探讨糖尿病性心肌病（DC）的发病机制。方法：查阅研读近年的大量文献，将所获信息整理分类，得出结论。结果：糖尿病性心肌病（DC）是以持续高血糖、RAS的作用、Ca^2＋转运异常等因素共同作用，使存心肌细胞代谢障碍，导致心脏结构和功能障碍，心肌细胞凋亡，心肌间质纤雏化，引起左心室舒张收缩功能不全，心室肥厚重构，功能渐丧而致心力衰竭。结论：从以上各方面探讨了DC的发病机制，希望能为DC早期防治提供理论依据。     

糖网康对非增殖期糖尿病视网膜功能保护作用的实验研究

目的：探讨糖网康对视网膜功能的保护作用。方法：将40只自发性糖尿病GK大鼠随机分为4组：模型对照组、糖网康低、中、高剂量组,各组分别灌胃2 mL蒸馏水、150 mg/kg糖网康、300 mg/kg糖网康、600 mg/kg糖网康。每日灌胃1次,连续给药1个月,记录大鼠明视闪光视网膜电图（fERG）a波、b波和Ops波,并将数据统计分析。结果：用药后中药中高剂量组比其他各组用药后的a波、Ops波振幅提高,差异有显著的统计学意义,a波波峰潜时比较差异有统计学意义,潜时缩短;中药中低剂量组比其他各组的b波振幅提高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,b波峰潜时比较差异有统计学意义,潜时缩短。中药糖网康能提高糖尿病大鼠fERG的振幅,缩短潜时,尤其是对Ops干预作用明显。结论：中药糖网康对糖尿病模型的早期视网膜功能损害,尤其是视网膜内层血液循环状态的改善具有一定作用。     

川芎嗪注射液对糖尿病视网膜病变眼血流动力学的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量川芎嗪注射液对糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)患眼血流动力学的影响.方法 将69例DR患者随机分成120 mg剂量组(36例)、240 mg剂量组(33例),静脉给药,每日1次,15d为1个疗程,间隔2周,共2个疗程,用药30 d.治疗前后采用彩色多普勒血流显像(color doppler flow imaging,CDFI)检测各组病例的眼视网膜中央动脉(central retinal artery,CRA),睫状后动脉(posterior ciliary artery,PCA)及眼动脉(ophthalmic artery,OA)的收缩期峰值血流速度(peak systolic velocity,PSV),舒张末 期血流速度(end diastolic velocity,EDV)和阻力指数(resistance index,RI),各项指标均测量三次取其平均值.结果 2组治疗后,CRA、PCA及OA的PSV、EDV增加,RI值降低,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);各指标组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).240 mg组中个别病例有不良反应发生.结论 2种剂量的川芎嗪注射液均能明显改善DR患者的眼部循环,并且效果接近,使用120 mg的剂量治疗DR更为安全、经济.     

壮肾固精方联合厄贝沙坦对Ⅲ期糖尿病肾病患者24小时尿蛋白定量的影响

目的:评价壮肾固精方联合厄贝沙坦对Ⅲ期糖尿病肾病患者24小时尿蛋白定量的影响.方法:对照组26例常规治疗;治疗组28例在常规治疗的基础上加壮肾固精方.结果:治疗后24小时尿蛋白定量差值,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);2组治疗后24小时尿蛋白定量均较治疗前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),治疗后24小时尿蛋...