超声诊断睾丸网扩张与附睾头部精液囊肿体积的相关研究

目的:探讨超声诊断睾丸网扩张与患侧附睾头部精液囊肿体积大小的相关性。方法:整理分析新疆自治区人民医院超声科2005～2012年应用彩色多普勒超声诊断睾丸网扩张,并经手术或细针穿刺确诊合并睾丸网扩张附睾头部精液囊肿36例为病例组,不合并睾丸网扩张附睾头部精液囊肿病例44例作为对照组;比较两组族别、年龄、精液囊肿体积、患侧睾丸向心动脉阻力指数(RI)。结果:病例组与对照组对比:维吾尔族与汉族没有明显差异(P>0.05);平均年龄差异不显著(P>0.05);病例组附睾头部精液囊肿体积为(2.081±1.147)cm3,对照组为(1.009±0.848)cm3,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01);病例组睾丸向心动脉阻力指数RI为0.644±0.099,对照组为0.608±0.116,两组比较差异不显著(P>0.05)。结论:附睾头部精液囊肿体积大小对于睾丸网扩张的形成有重要影响。     

A role for vesicular glutamate transporter 1 in synaptic vesicle clustering and mobility

Synaptic vesicles (SVs) from excitatory synapses carry vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) that fill the vesicles with neurotransmitter. Although the essential function of VGLUTs as glutamate transporters has been well established, the evidence for additional cell‐biological functions is more controversial. Both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 disruptions in mice result in a reduced number of SVs away from release sites, flattening of SVs, and the appearance of tubular structures. Therefore, we analysed the morphology, biochemical composition and trafficking of SVs at synapses of VGLUT1^?/? mice in order to test for a function of VGLUTs in the formation or clustering of SVs. Analyses with high‐pressure freezing immobilisation and electron tomography pointed to a role of VGLUT1 transport function in the tonicity of excitatory SVs, explaining the aldehyde‐induced flattening of SVs observed in VGLUT1^?/? synapses. We confirmed the steep reduction in the number of SVs previously observed in VGLUT1^?/? presynaptic terminals, but did not observe accumulation of endocytotic intermediates. Furthermore, SV proteins of adult VGLUT1^?/? mouse brain tissue were expressed at normal levels in all subcellular fractions, suggesting that they were not displaced to another organelle. We thus assessed the mobility of the recently documented superpool of SVs. Synaptobrevin2–enhanced green fluorescent protein time lapse experiments revealed an oversized superpool of SVs in VGLUT1^?/? neurons. Our results support the idea that, beyond glutamate loading, VGLUT1 enhances the tonicity of excitatory SVs and stabilises SVs at presynaptic terminals.     

Further evidence that major outer membrane proteins homologous to OmpA in Porphyromonas gingivalis stabilize bacterial cells

INTRODUCTION: Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the most important bacteria in the progression of chronic periodontal disease. We hypothesized that the major outer membrane proteins Pgm6/7, which are homologous to the OmpA protein in Escherichia coli, might contribute to the stabilization of the cell surface. In this study, the effects of Pgm6/7 on the cell surface were examined morphologically. METHODS: Deletion mutants of Pgm6/7 (Delta694, Delta695 and Delta695-694) were constructed using the polymerase chain reaction-based overlap extension method. Wild-type ATCC 33277 and Pgm6/7 mutants were grown under anaerobic conditions. Whole cells and thin sections of fixed cells were stained and examined by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Compared with the wild-type, numerous vesicles released from cells were observed in each deletion mutant. The outer membrane appeared wavy and irregular. Increased numbers of vesicles were confirmed after their preparation from the culture supernatant. Total gingipain activity in vesicles was increased five- to 10-fold in the deletion mutants. CONCLUSION: This report provides further evidence that Pgm6/7 proteins in P. gingivalis play an important role in the maintenance of bacterial outer membrane integrity.     

Thermostability of model protocell membranes

The earliest cells may have consisted of a self-replicating genetic polymer encapsulated within a self-replicating membrane vesicle. Here, we show that vesicles composed of simple single-chain amphiphiles such as fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and fatty-acid glycerol esters are extremely thermostable and retain internal RNA and DNA oligonucleotides at temperatures ranging from 0°C to 100°C. The strands of encapsulated double-stranded DNA can be separated by denaturation at high temperature while being retained within vesicles, implying that strand separation in primitive protocells could have been mediated by thermal fluctuations without the loss of genetic material from the protocell. At elevated temperatures, complex charged molecules such as nucleotides cross fatty-acid-based membranes very rapidly, suggesting that high temperature excursions may have facilitated nutrient uptake before the evolution of advanced membrane transporters. The thermostability of these membranes is consistent with the spontaneous replication of encapsulated nucleic acids by the alternation of template-copying chemistry at low temperature with strand-separation and nutrient uptake at high temperature.     

205例膀胱白斑手术治疗方法对比分析

目的:探讨治疗膀胱白斑的有效方法。方法:分析总结205例膀胱白斑患者的临床资料,将传统组治疗方法(经尿道膀胱电切至浅肌层,手术切除范围为病变的膀胱黏膜白斑,术后行膀胱灌注化疗)与对照组的治疗方法(经尿道膀胱电切至黏膜及黏膜下层,手术切除范围为病变的膀胱黏膜白斑并周围的2cm膀胱黏膜,术后不行膀胱灌注化疗)进行对比分析。结果:对照组治疗膀胱白斑在术后出血、疗效及复发率方面较传统组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:膀胱黏膜电切法治疗膀胱白斑简单有效,术后可不必常规行膀胱灌注化疗。     

Immuno-proteomic analysis of human immune responses to experimental Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicle vaccines identifies potential cross-reactive antigens

Human volunteers were vaccinated with experimental Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B vaccines based on strain H44/76 detoxified L3 lipooligosaccharide (LOS)-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMV) or the licensed Cuban vaccine, VA-MENGOC-BC. Some volunteers were able to elicit cross-bactericidal antibodies against heterologous L2-LOS strain (760676). An immuno-proteomic approach was used to identify potential targets of these cross-bactericidal antibodies using an L2-LOS derived OMV preparation. A total of nine immuno-reactive spots were detected in this proteome: individuals vaccinated with the detoxified OMVs showed an increase in post-vaccination serum reactivity with Spots 2–8, but not with Spots 1 and 9. Vaccination with VA-MENGOC-BC induced sera that showed increased reactivity with all of the protein spots. Vaccinees showed increases in serum bactericidal activity (SBA) against the heterologous L2-LOS expressing strain 760676, which correlated, in general, with immunoblot reactivity. The identities of proteins within the immuno-reactive spots were determined. These included not only well-studied antigens such as Rmp, Opa, PorB and FbpA (NMB0634), but also identified novel antigens such as exopolyphosphatase (NMB1467) and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (NMB1057) enzymes and a putative cell binding factor (NMB0345) protein. Investigating the biological properties of such novel antigens may provide candidates for the development of second generation meningococcal vaccines.