人急性早幼粒细胞性白血病细胞诱导分化生成树突状细胞的体外研究

树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)在激发机体抗白血病T细胞免疫应答中具有重要作用,有报道DC可以由单核细胞及粒细胞分化生成,本研究应用细胞因子在体外诱导了急性早幼粒细胞性白血病(APL)细胞向DC的分化.从M3型APL患者外周血分离白血病细胞,加入GM-CSF(100ng/ml)或GM-CSF(100ng/ml) rhIL-4(500U/ml)体外培养14天,并于培养结束前3天加人TN-α(100ng/ml).结果表明,GM-CSF可以促进白血病细胞体外增殖,并从幼稚状态逐渐分化成熟,表达高水平的CD45分子,其中部分为CD14~ 的单核细胞,部分为CDla~ 的DC(M3DC);培养后期加入TNF-α,可以促进DC生成,约占35%;以GM-CSF IL-4培养也诱导了幼稚细胞的成熟,2周后DC约占10%,但较少单核细胞生成,培养至3周时DC约占60%;而在培养后第11天加入TNF-α则可以加速DC生成,3天后生成的白血病型DC达90%.电镜观察到M3DC具有与单核细胞来源的DC相似的超微结构,但具有的突出特征是部分细胞存在少量胞浆颗粒;M3DC高表达HLA-DR、B7-2、CD40、CD54分子,体外可以强烈刺激同种T细胞增殖.此类由白血病细胞诱导生成的DC可被用于体内外诱导生成肿瘤特异性CTL,在APL的免疫治疗中具有一定的应用价值.     

人龋病牙髓中神经肽与抗原呈递细胞的动态研究

目的 :研究人龋病牙髓中降钙素基因相关肽 (Calicitoningene -relatedpeptide,CGRP)和树突状细胞(Dendriticcells,DC)、P物质 (SubstanceP,SP)和血管内皮细胞(Endothelialcells,EC)之间的空间变化特点 ,以探明牙髓病理状态下神经免疫间的相互作用。方法:采用免疫组化法观察龋病不同阶段牙髓中上述物质的变化 ,并对前、后两种物质分别进行双标免疫组化染色。结果:(1)4个指标的数量在不同组间比较差别有统计学意义 (P<0.05)。 (2)双标染色显示 :龋病牙髓中神经肽与抗原呈递细胞共聚集在龋坏相应冠髓的造牙本质细胞层下 ,CGRP接触或包绕树突状细胞 ;而SP随龋坏深入逐渐接近血管并与管壁接触。结论:龋源性刺激引起牙髓中CGRP、SP、DC、EC的局部相互作用加强共同调节牙髓免疫反应     

反义肽核酸抑制树突细胞趋化因子受体CCR7表达的实验研究

目的探讨靶向趋化因子受体CCR7的反义肽核酸(PNA)对树突细胞(DCs)CCR7的表达及趋化活性的影响。方法体外培养大鼠骨髓来源DCs,设计靶向CCR7mRNA翻译起始区的反义PNA,以随机PNA、空白组为对照处理体外培养7d的DCs,分别于24h,48h,72h后收集细胞,利用Western-blot和逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测反义PNA对CCR7分子表达的影响,通过趋化实验检测DCs的趋化活性。结果DCs经PNA处理后24h,各组DCs其CCR7表达无明显差别,在48h,Western-blot检测显示反义PNA组CCR7蛋白表达明显低于对照组,而RT-PCR检测在mRNA水平却无明显差别。在72h,反义PNA组CCR7的表达在不同水平均明显低于对照组。经趋化实验证实,在48h以后反义PNA组DCs趋化活性受到明显抑制(P<0.05)。结论CCR7反义PNA能够有效抑制体外培养的大鼠树突细胞趋化因子受体CCR7的表达及其趋化活性,为进一步研究体内应用反义PNA抑制DCs的定向迁移和抗原递呈,调节免疫反应和诱导免疫耐受提供了新的策略。     

人乳头瘤病毒16 E6转染冻融人外周血树突状细胞疫苗体外抗宫颈癌作用

目的：制备来源于人外周血并转染人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）16 E6基因的冻融树突状细胞（DC）疫苗，检测其细胞形态。转染情况及体外诱导的免疫效应。方法：细胞因子扩增人外周血DC，低温-70℃冻存；Lipofectamine转染HPV16 E6制备DC疫苗。动态形态学观察，免疫细胞化学检测E6分子表达，体外诱导并测定细胞毒性T淋巴细胞活性。结果：转染E6基因的人外周血冻融DC呈形态迥异的多突起状，免疫细胞化学染色显示E6蛋白表达阳性；MTT法检测人宫颈癌细胞株（CaSKIi细胞）的杀伤活性明显高于对照组（P〈0．01），与新鲜DC疫苗比无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：转染历基因的人外周血冻融DC疫苗保持了功能成熟DC的形态特征，且内源性表达E6蛋白，并在体外诱导出高效特异性的抗宫颈癌免疫反应，为宫颈癌的主动特异性免疫治疗提供了理想的疫苗和实验依据。     

Immunotoxic effects of short-term atrazine exposure in young male C57BL/6 mice.

The herbicide atrazine (ATR) is a very widely used pesticide; yet the immunotoxicological potential of ATR has not been studied extensively. Our objective was to examine the effect of ATR on selected immune parameters in juvenile mice. ATR (up to 250 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage for 14 days to one-month-old male C57BL/6 mice. One day, one week, and seven weeks after the last ATR dose, mice were sacrificed, and blood, spleens, and thymuses were collected and processed for cell counting and flow cytometry. Thymus and spleen weights were decreased by ATR, with the thymus being more sensitive than the spleen; this effect was still present at seven days, but not at seven weeks after the last ATR dose. Similarly, organ cellularity was persistently decreased in the thymus and in the spleen, with the splenic, but not thymic cellularity still being depressed at seven weeks post ATR. Peripheral blood leukocyte counts were not affected by ATR. There were also alterations in the cell phenotypes in that ATR exposure decreased all phenotypes in the thymus, with the number of CD4(+)/CD8(+) being affected the least. At the higher doses, the decreases in the thymic T-cell populations were still present one week after the last ATR dose. In the spleen, the CD8(+) were increased and MHC-II(+) and CD19(+) cells were decreased one day after the last ATR dose. Also, ATR treatment decreased the number of splenic na?ve T helper and T cytotoxic cells, whereas it increased the percentage of highly activated cytotoxic/memory T cells. Interestingly, the proportion of mature splenic dendritic cells (DC; CD11c(high)), was also decreased and it persisted for at least one week, suggesting that ATR inhibited DC maturation. In the circulation, ATR exposure decreased CD4(+) lymphocytes at one day, whereas at seven days after the last ATR dose, in addition to the decrease in CD4(+) lymphocytes, the MHC-II(+) cells were also decreased at the 250 mg/kg dose. Thus, ATR exposure appears to be detrimental to the immune system of juvenile mice by decreasing cellularity and affecting lymphocyte distribution, with certain effects persisting long after exposure has been terminated.     

DC联合小剂量IL-2大量扩增白血病特异性CTL的实验研究

目的： 建立和优化体外大量扩增白血病特异性CTL的方法。 方法： 用1×107FBL3细胞冻融产物（FBL3LY）冲击的DC每10天1次对C57BL/6小鼠反复接种，在第3次接种5 d后处死小鼠制备脾T细胞，每周用FBL3LY冲击的DC刺激，体外培养10 d后加入小剂量的IL2。 结果： 共培养至21 d， T细胞可扩增100倍以上，其中CD8+细胞比率明显增高。乳酸脱氢酶释放试验证实扩增所得CTL对FBL3细胞具有高效的杀伤作用（81.84±8.68%），而对K562细胞无特异性杀伤作用。 结论： FBL3LY冲击的DC联合小剂量IL2可大量扩增FBL3白血病特异性CTL，该方法的建立对提高白血病特异性CTL免疫治疗的临床疗效具有重要意义。     

Neutrophil extracellular traps in sterile inflammation: the story after dying?

Evidences accumulated that the death of neutrophils are not the end of their missions. The neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), web-like structure, formed after neutrophils dying contribute greatly to immune defense, in both innate and adaptive immunity. Interestingly, previous studies revealed that the generation and activation of NETs do not only rely on bacteria induction, but also in patients with sterile inflammatory diseases, implying an undeniable correlation between NETs and these diseases. This review summarized the latest findings that the crucial roles of NETs in sterile inflammatory diseases, as well as novel targeted therapy based on these new discoveries.     

Autoimmune bone marrow environment severely inhibits B cell development by inducing extensive cell death and inhibiting proliferation

Plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC) is a Th2-type dendritic cell precursor. It is an important professional effector cell characterized by its capacities to produce large amount of alpha interferon and to differentiate into dendritic cell. PDCs are scarce in normal condition. They circulate in the blood as veiled cells and enter the lymph node and mucosal site in response to immune stimulation. Besides the recent and wide-open field of the implication of PDCs in inflammatory diseases and in the microenvironment of solid or lymphoid tumours it has also been observed that PDCs can also be tumoral cells. In this paper, the authors present the different tumours thought to be originating from tumoral PDCs. To date, two kinds of tumoral conditions are recognized: the so-called PDCs proliferations in patients with myeloid disorders and the blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. These two entities are exposed and discussed.     

Co‐operative suppression of inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells by plant proanthocyanidins and products from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis

Interactions between dendritic cells (DCs) and environmental, dietary and pathogen antigens play a key role in immune homeostasis and regulation of inflammation. Dietary polyphenols such as proanthocyanidins (PAC) may reduce inflammation, and we therefore hypothesized that PAC may suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ‐induced responses in human DCs and subsequent T helper type 1 (Th1) ‐type responses in naive T cells. Moreover, we proposed that, because DCs are likely to be exposed to multiple stimuli, the activity of PAC may synergise with other bioactive molecules that have anti‐inflammatory activity, e.g. soluble products from the helminth parasite Trichuris suis (TsSP). We show that PAC are endocytosed by monocyte‐derived DCs and selectively induce CD86 expression. Subsequently, PAC suppress the LPS‐induced secretion of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and IL‐12p70, while enhancing secretion of IL‐10. Incubation of DCs with PAC did not affect lymphocyte proliferation; however, subsequent interferon‐γ production was markedly suppressed, while IL‐4 production was unaffected. The activity of PAC was confined to oligomers (degree of polymerization ≥ 4). Co‐pulsing DCs with TsSP and PAC synergistically reduced secretion of tumour necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐12p70 while increasing IL‐10 secretion. Moreover, both TsSP and PAC alone induced Th2‐associated OX40L expression in DCs, and together synergized to up‐regulate OX40L. These data suggest that PAC induce an anti‐inflammatory phenotype in human DCs that selectively down‐regulates Th1 response in naive T cells, and that they also act cooperatively with TsSP. Our results indicate a novel interaction between dietary compounds and parasite products to influence immune function, and may suggest that combinations of PAC and TsSP can have therapeutic potential for inflammatory disorders.     

Reduction of inflammatory slan (6‐sulfo LacNAc) dendritic cells in psoriatic skin of patients treated with etanercept

Dermal dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the immunopathology of psoriasis. We previously identified slanDCs as pro‐inflammatory TNF‐α, IL‐23‐ and IL‐12‐producing DCs in human blood and as prominent inflammatory dermal TNF‐α secreting and CD11c‐positive DC subset in psoriasis. Here, we ask for the effects of TNF‐α‐inhibition on inflammatory slanDCs in skin and blood of 10 patients with psoriasis during 24 weeks of treatment with etanercept. Treatment with etanercept reduced the frequency of dermal slanDCs but did not induce apoptosis as determined by lack of increased active caspase‐3‐expression. In parallel, we found increased frequencies of slanDCs in blood which expressed lower levels of HLA‐DR. Stimulating slanDCs isolated from the blood of healthy donors in vitro induced a strong production of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐23 and IL‐12p70. This capacity was efficiently reduced in the presence of etanercept, thereby indicating that TNF‐α is an autocrine stimulus for maturation and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production of slanDCs. In vivo, we noticed that treatment with etanercept did reduce the number of dermal slanDCs in parallel to the overall expression of TNF‐α and IL‐23p19. However, successful treatment did not down‐regulated the percentage of dermal slanDCs that stained positive for TNF‐α and IL‐23p19 indicating that remaining slanDCs kept their pro‐inflammatory capacity. This study provides novel insights into the immune regulatory properties of etanercept at the level of inflammatory slanDCs in vivo in skin and blood as well as in vitro.