髓芯减压联合VEGF与胶原基骨移植材料对兔股骨头缺血坏死的修复作用

探讨髓芯减压联合血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）与胶原基骨移植材料对兔股骨头缺血坏死的修复作用。方法 对24只SPF级家兔股骨头内注射无水乙醇建立兔股骨头坏死模型,然后将家兔随机分为模型对照组（A组）、髓芯减压+自体松质骨组（B组）、髓芯减压+胶原基骨修复材料组（C组）和髓芯减压+胶原基骨修复材料+VEGF组（D组）,每组6只,共治疗12周。通过苏木精伊红（HE）染色观察组织切片形态。采用骨密度分析系统（QCT PRO V6.1）测量家兔股骨头骨密度(BMD)。Western blot检测VEGF、Collagen I、Runt相关转录因子2（RUNX2）、骨钙素（OCN）、Wnt-3a、β-catenin和GSK-3β的蛋白表达。结果 术后12周时,与B、C组比较,D组家兔股骨头骨小梁排列较整齐,骨髓中观察到大量微血管的形成,可见明显成骨,且坏死区基本被修复。与A组相比,B组、C组和D组家兔股骨头空骨陷窝比率均显著降低(P＜0.05);D组家兔股骨头空骨陷窝比率小于B组和C组(P＜0.05)。与A组相比,B组、C组和D组家兔股骨头的骨密度均显著升高(P＜0.05);D组骨密度显著高于B组和C组(P＜0.05)。与B组和C组相比,D组VEGF、Collagen I、RUNX2和OCN的蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P＜0.05）;与B组和C组相比,D组Wnt-3a和β-catenin的蛋白表达水平均显著升高,GSK-3β的蛋白表达水平显著降低（P＜0.05）。结论 髓芯减压联合VEGF与胶原基骨移植材料对兔股骨头缺血坏死可有效促进坏死股骨头的修复,提高骨密度及成骨蛋白的表达     

Asthma and the diver

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) diving has grown in popularity, with nearly 9 million sport divers in the United States alone. Approximately 7% of the population has been diagnosed with asthma, which is similar to the percentage of divers admitting they have asthma. Numerous concerns exist regarding subjects with asthma who choose to participate in recreational diving. Among these concerns are pulmonary barotrauma, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, arterial gas embolism, ear barotrauma, sinus barotrauma, and dental barotrauma. Despite these concerns, a paucity of information exists linking asthma to increased risk of diving complications. However, it has long been the norm to discourage individuals with asthma from participating in recreational scuba diving. This article examines the currently available literature to allow for a more informed decision regarding the possible risks associated with diving and asthma. It examines the underlying physiological principles associated with diving, including Henry’s law and Boyle’s law, to provide a more intimate understanding on physiological changes occurring in the respiratory system under compressive stress. Finally, this article offers a framework for guiding the patient with asthma who is interested in scuba diving. Under the right circumstances, the patient with asthma can safely participate in recreational diving without apparent increased risk of an asthma-related event.     

视神经管区的临床应用解剖研究

对５０个成人尸头和３０个干性颅骨标本的视神经管区进行了显微解剖学研究，测量了视神经管的长度、口径及管壁的厚度、观察了视神经管内壁的毗邻结构关系，还测量了一些与视神经管减压术有关的数据。讨论了经鼻外筛、蝶窦视神经管减压时值得注意的若干问题。     

Ultrastructural aspects of bubble formation in human fatal accidents after exposure to compressed air

Summary Electron microscopic investigations were performed on samples of human tissue obtained from subjects following fatal decompression sickness, associated with hyperbaric air-therapy. Intra- and extracellular gas bubbles of varying size were identified throughout the entire body. Each bubble was covered by an osmiophilic non-homogeneous coat of cloudy and flocculent material, native to its specific locality. This envelope measured from 30 to 560 Angstroem-units in thickness. Association of this covering with an electrokinetic zonal activity, detected biophysically by Lee and Hairston (1971) is assumed. We consider this surface coat prevents nitrogen from being eliminated via the blood-lung-barrier.     

伴和不伴类风湿性关节炎患者腰椎管狭窄后路减压融合过程中隐性失血的对比

背景:腰椎管狭窄症后路手术除术中出血和术后引流外,还存在大量的"隐性失血"。合并类风湿性关节炎患者可能会影响围术期出血尤其是隐性失血,此前并无报道。目的:针对合并类风湿性关节炎的腰椎管狭窄患者与非类风湿性关节炎行腰椎后路手术时术中出血量、术后引流量以及隐性失血情况进行对比,并探讨类风湿性关节炎患者隐性失血的危险因素。方法:回顾性纳入了65例合并类风湿性关节炎的腰椎管狭窄患者(类风湿性关节炎组),筛选87例未合并类风湿性关节炎的腰椎管狭窄患者(非类风湿性关节炎组),所有患者均采取椎弓根螺钉+钛棒+椎间融合器内固定系统进行腰椎后路减压融合和后外侧融合治疗,术中行自体骨后外侧植骨。提取信息包括人口统计学信息、类风湿性关节炎信息(如类风湿性关节炎病史、Steinbrocker分级、抗类风湿性关节炎药物)、手术信息以及出血量相关指标。以术中出血量、术后引流量和隐性失血作为主要指标;以手术时间、术前术后红细胞压积和血红蛋白及其变化值、手术前后贫血数量、术后新发贫血数量、自体血和异体血输注量等作为次要指标。结果与结论:①类风湿性关节炎组腰椎管狭窄患者平均年龄为(65.97±8.02)岁,平均体质量指数为(25.76±3.68)kg/m^2,非类风湿性关节炎组中患者在性别比例、年龄和手术节段数上均与之匹配;②类风湿性关节炎组中患者平均病程为(16.78±12.73)年,其中单药或联合口服改变病情抗风湿药者最常见,2组在椎弓根螺钉数和椎间融合器置入数量上差异均无显著性意义,围术期并发症发生率2组差异亦无显著性意义;③主要结果对比显示2组在总失血量、术中出血量和术后引流量方面差异无显著性意义,而隐性失血以及隐性失血所占总失血量比例在非类风湿性关节炎组中更低(P<0.001,0.012);根据手术节段数进行分层分析,长节段(≥3节段)手术中非类风湿性关节炎组中隐性失血和隐性失血所占总失血量比例均优于类风湿性关节炎组;④次要指标对比红细胞压积改变值(P=0.021)在非类风湿性关节炎组小于类风湿性关节炎组但血红蛋白减小值2组差异无显著性意义;术后2组新发贫血以及贫血加重情况相比差异无显著性意义,异体血输注和手术时间相比差异也无显著性意义;⑤对类风湿性关节炎组患者隐性失血进行多元线性回归分析显示,类风湿性关节炎的Steinbrocker级别高、未服用改变病情抗风湿药、血红蛋白变化和输注异体血为隐性失血的独立危险因素;⑥提示类风湿性关节炎组和非类风湿性关节炎组在总失血量、术中出血、术后引流和手术时间上无差异,而隐性失血以及隐性失血所占总失血量比例类风湿性关节炎组高于非类风湿性关节炎组,尤其是长节段手术;类风湿性关节炎组的Steinbrocker分级高、未服用改变病情抗风湿药、血红蛋白改变较多以及输注异体血为隐性失血的独立危险因素。     

经内镜颈前微创入路颈椎手术的解剖学研究

目的：研究经颈前路建立内镜微创入路的安全性、可行性及其对手术器械的要求。方法：使用Metrx椎间盘镜手术系统，共对5具C3-7椎体间的10个间隙进行内镜辅助下的颈椎前路减压操作。通过颈右前外侧约2cm的皮肤切口，经血管鞘与内脏鞘间放入直径18mm的工作套筒并将其通过可曲自由臂固定在手术床边。内镜固定在工作套筒上。在内镜辅助下行颈椎间盘切除及椎体后缘骨质刮除术。结果：未发现手术入路周围重要软组织结构的损伤；使用环锯、垂体钳、刮匙减压的5个间隙及单纯使用垂体钳、刮匙减压的5个间隙的间盘组织切除均较干净。由于工作套筒过长，垂体钳、刮匙等减压器械的可操作空间较小，环锯组椎体后缘有明显骨赘形成的6个椎体，3个发现有部分的骨赘被刮除，其余3个椎体的后缘骨赘无改变；单纯使用垂体钳、刮匙组，椎体后缘有明显骨赘形成的8个椎体仅3个发现有部分的骨赘被刮除，其余5个椎体的后缘骨赘无改变。未发现硬膜囊损伤。结论：内镜下的颈椎前路减压是可行的，工作套筒及用于减压的器械的有待改进。     

前路椎体次全切在治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化中的应用

目的：探讨颈前路椎体次全切治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化的手术减压范围。方法：采用前路椎体次全切植骨融合术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化56例，其中完全切除骨化者47例，用“漂浮法”处理者9例，并针对不同个体及病变特点采用不同的减压范围。结果：54例获得3个月-6a随访，平均28个月。植骨均于术后3-5个月内获得骨性融合。JOA评分由术前8．5分提高到术后14．1，平均改善率74％，优良率80．2％。结论：行椎体次全切术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化时应针对不同个体及病变特点采用不同的足够的减压范围，可以减少并发症，并获得较佳的疗效。     

神经血管减压术治疗原发性高血压的理论基础

原发性高血压在人群中极为常见,以药物保守治疗为主。近年来,有学者提出动脉搏动性压迫延髓区第Ⅺ、Ⅹ脑神经根能引起高血压,并认为是原发性高血压的病因之一。神经血管减压术缓解了这种搏动性压迫,为原发性高血压尤其难治性高血压及有严重并发症的患者提供一种新的治疗方法,并已取得较好疗效。本文主要综述神经血管减压术治疗原发性高血压的理论基础,并介绍手术过程。     

Our experience of reinnervation of sole in diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy: A chance to change the natural history of disease

Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) is the commonest form of neuropathy which leads to insensate sole, diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) and its complications. We share our experience in recovery of sensation in the sole after prophylactic surgery such as nerve decompression (ND) or sensory neurotization by nerve transfer (NT) in patients having Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy DSPN. 32 patients (46 feet) were selected for either nerve decompression or sensory neurotization depending upon presence or absence of Tinel’s sign at tarsal tunnel. At 6 month post-operatively perception of touch and pain recovered in all feet; temperature and pressure perception recovered in ∼95% feet; average vibration perception threshold returned to normal range and 2-Point Discrimination came down significantly. There were no ulcers or amputation in operated limbs during follow up period of 6 months. Prophylactic surgery in the form of ND and NT can be offered with minimal complications which significantly improve sensations in the sole in selected cases of DSPN. These have the potential to improve the quality of life of patient and change the natural course of disease.     

A systematic review of MIS and open decompression surgery for spinal metastases in the last two decades

ObjectiveThe primary intention of this review being to produce an updated systematic review of the literature on published outcomes of decompressive surgery for metastatic spinal disease including metastatic spinal cord compression, using techniques of MIS and open decompressive surgery.MethodsThe authors conducted database searches of OVID MEDLINE and EMBASE identifying those studies that reported clinical outcomes, surgical techniques used along with associated complications when decompressive surgery was employed for metastatic spinal tumors. Both retrospective and prospective studies were analysed. Articles were assessed to ensure the required inclusion criteria was met. Articles were then categorised and tabulated based on the following reported outcomes: predictors of survival, predictors of ambulation or motor function, surgical technique, neurological function, and miscellaneous outcomes.Results2654 citations were retrieved from databases, of these 31 met the inclusion criteria. 5 studies were prospective, the remaining 26 were retrospective. Publication years ranged from 2000 to 2020. Study size ranged from 30 to 914 patients. The most common primary tumors identified were lungs, breast, prostate and renal cancers. One study ( Lo and Yang, 2017)¹³ reported that in those patients with motor deficit, survival was significantly improved when surgery was performed within 7 days of the development of motor deficit compared to situations when surgery was carried out 7 days after onset. This was the only study that showed that the timing of surgery plays a significant role w.r.t. survival following the onset of spinal cord compression symptoms. Four articles identified that a pre-operative intact motor function and or ambulatory status conferred a higher likelihood of a better post-operative outcome, not just in relation to survival but also in relation to post-operative ambulation as well as a greater tendency towards suitability for adjuvant treatment. Even for the same scoring system e.g. tokuhashi and its effectiveness in predicting survival, results from different studies varied in their outcome. The Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) being the most commonly used tool to assess functional impairment, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status being used in two studies. 23 studies identified an improvement in neurological function following surgery. The most common functional scale used to assess neurological outcome was the Frankel scale, 3 studies used the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale for this purpose. Wound problems including infection and dehiscence appeared to be the most commonly reported surgical complication. (25 studies). The most commonly used surgical technique involved a posterior approach with decompression, with or without stabilisation. Less commonly employed techniques included percutaneous pedicle screw fixation associated with or without mini-decompression as well as anterior approaches involving corpectomy and instrumentation. 9 studies included in their data, the effect of radiation therapy in combination with surgery or as a comparison used as an alternative to surgery in spinal metastases.ConclusionsWe provide a systematic literature review on the outcomes of decompressive surgery for spinal metastases. We analyse survival data, motor function, neurological function, as well as the techniques of surgery used. Where appropriate complications of surgery are also highlighted. It is the authors’ intention to provide the reader with a reference text where this information is ready to hand, allowing for the consideration of means and methods to improve and optimise the standard of care in patients undergoing surgical intervention for metastatic spinal disease.