新生鼠和成年鼠脊髓损伤后胚胎脊髓移植对大鼠损伤脊髓功能恢复的影响

目的研究新生鼠和成年鼠脊髓损伤后胚胎脊髓移植对大鼠损伤脊髓功能恢复的影响。方法将新生鼠和成年鼠腰段脊髓半切洞损伤,取E14胚胎脊髓组织移植到损伤区,手术后4、8、12周,进行组织学检查,联合行为评分,感觉诱发电位,运动诱发电位检查。结果组织学检查发现移植的胚胎脊髓在宿主脊髓中存活。联合行为评分,感觉诱发电位,运动诱发电位潜峰时的恢复,新生鼠移植组均优于成鼠移植组(P<0.05)。结论通过各种功能检查(CBS,SEP,MEP)表明胚胎脊髓移植能够促进脊髓损伤后新生鼠和成鼠运动功能的恢复。     

Re‐examination of the Lymphocytotoxic Crossmatch in Liver Transplantation: Can C4d Stains Help in Monitoring?

C4d-assisted recognition of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) from donor-specific antibody-positive (DSA+) renal allograft recipients prompted study of DSA+ liver allograft recipients as measured by lymphocytotoxic crossmatch (XM) and/or Luminex. XM results did not influence patient or allograft survival, or cellular rejection rates, but XM+ recipients received significantly more prophylactic steroids. Endothelial C4d staining strongly correlates with XM+ (<3 weeks posttransplantation) and DSA+ status and cellular rejection, but not with worse Banff grading or treatment response. Diffuse C4d staining, XM+, DSA+ and ABO- incompatibility status, histopathology and clinical-serologic profile helped establish an isolated AMR diagnosis in 5 of 100 (5%) XM+ and one ABO-incompatible, recipients. C4d staining later after transplantation was associated with rejection and nonrejection-related causes of allograft dysfunction in DSA- and DSA+ recipients, some of whom had good outcomes without additional therapy. Liver allograft FFPE C4d staining: (a) can help classify liver allograft dysfunction; (b) substantiates antibody contribution to rejection; (c) probably represents nonalloantibody insults and/or complete absorption in DSA- recipients and (d) alone, is an imperfect AMR marker needing correlation with routine histopathology, clinical and serologic profiles. Further study in late biopsies and other tissue markers of liver AMR with simultaneous DSA measurements are needed.     

Valgus extension femoral osteotomy to treat “hinge abduction” in Perthes’ disease

d="__sec1title">Purpose

“Hinge abductionȁd; is a complication of Perthes’ disease caused by impingement of the extruded superolateral portion of the femoral head against the lateral lip of the acetabulum. Catterall first described femoral valgus extension osteotomy (VGEO) to treat this condition. We report the results of this operation in 16 cases of Perthes’ disease with “hinge abductionȁd;.

d="__sec2title">Methods

Sixteen hips in 16 patients affected by Perthes’ disease and “hinge abductionȁd; were operated on at a mean age of 10.1 years and followed up an average of 6.5 years later. Before surgery, the mean Iowa hip score was 44.4 points. Preoperative radiographs were taken with the affected hip in maximum adduction in order to calculate the amount of valgus correction. The osteotomy was performed between the greater and the lesser trochanter, and it was fixed with a hip plate.

d="__sec3title">Results

All the osteotomies healed uneventfully. At follow-up, no patient complained of pain and hip abduction ranged from 20° to 45°. Four out of the 16 patients had a moderate limp, and 12 had an improvement in gait pattern compared to preoperatively. At follow-up, the Iowa hip score totaled a mean of 83.6 points, with a statistically significant improvement in comparison to the preoperative evaluation. At follow-up, two hips were classified as Stulberg II–III, ten hips as Stulberg III, and four as Stulberg IV.

d="__sec4title">Conclusions

In our hands, VGEO was an effective procedure to treat “hinge abductionȁd; in severe Perthes’ disease with satisfactory results. The main limitation of our study is its short follow-up.     

抗体介导的排斥反应病理学研究概要

抗体介导的排斥反应（AMR）是近来获得公认的导致移植物失功能的主要因素,其临床诊断需要结合移植物功能检测、受者血清供者特异性抗体检测和移植物活组织检查病理学观察及C4d免疫组织化学染色予以综合判断。其中病理学诊断是不可或缺的手段。本文简述了AMR近来的研究历程和其在主要移植器官内的基本病理学变化特征。移植肾、心脏等主要移植器官发生AMR时可见明显的毛细血管床部分C4d沉积,而移植肝往往C4d沉积不明显。鉴于临床C4d阴性AMR,近来研究较多集中于利用蛋白组学等现代分子生物学技术协助诊断AMR和寻找新的诊断标志物,移植肝AMR特殊病理学特征如中央静脉炎的意义和C3d、C4d协同染色在移植心脏AMR诊断中的作用。     

Thermosensitive paramagnetic liposomes for temperature control during MR imaging-guided hyperthermia: in vitro feasibility studies

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-based temperature monitoring has gained interest for use in general hyperthermia treatment of tumors. Such therapy requires an accurate control of the temperature, which should range from 41 degrees to 45 degrees C. A novel type of thermosensitive MR agent is proposed: liposome-encapsulated gadolinium chelates whose temperature response is linked to the phase-transition properties of the liposome carrier. In vitro relaxometry and MR imaging were used to evaluate the thermosensitivity of the contrast properties of liposomal gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid bis(methylamide) (Gd-DTPA-BMA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: T1 relaxivity (rl) measurements of liposomal Gd-DTPA-BMA were undertaken at 0.47 T and at temperatures of 20 degrees-48 degrees C. MR imaging was performed at 2.0 T with a gel phantom containing inserts of liposomes. Diffusion-weighted and T1-weighted gradient-recalled echo images were acquired as the phantom was heated from 22 degrees to about 65 degrees C. RESULTS: At ambient temperature, the r1 of liposomal Gd-DTPA-BMA was exchange limited due to slow water exchange between the liposome interior and exterior. A sharp, marked increase in r1 occurred as the temperature reached and exceeded the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase-transition temperature (Tm) of the liposomes (42 degrees C). The relaxation enhancement was mainly attributable to the marked increase in transmembrane water permeability, yielding fast exchange conditions. There was good correlation between the relaxometric and imaging results; the signal intensity on T1-weighted gradient-recalled echo images increased markedly as the temperature approached Tm. The temperature sensitivity of the diffusion-weighted technique differed from that of the liposome-based T1-weighted approach, with an apparent water diffusion coefficient increasing linearly with temperature. CONCLUSION: Since the transition from low to high signal intensity occurred in the temperature range of 38 degrees - 42 degrees C, the investigated paramagnetic liposomes have a potential role as "off-on" switches for temperature control during hyperthermia treatment.     

Complement C4d deposition in transplanted kidneys: preliminary report on long-term graft survival

Abstract:  The effects of antibody-mediated rejection on long-term graft survival have not been fully investigated. The aim of this study is to clarify the influence on long-term survival of deposition of the complement split product C4d in allografts using polyclonal anti-C4d antibody. Inclusion criteria were recipients who underwent graft biopsy during acute deterioration of graft function within the first 2 yr after transplantation. Patients whose graft did not survive more than 1 yr and who received graft from an human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sibling or an ABO-incompatible donor were excluded. Among the 92 recipients investigated, 22 (23.9%) had peritubular capillary C4d deposition, 15 (16.3%) had glomerular capillary C4d deposition and seven (7.6%) had both peritubular and glomerular capillary C4d deposition. Twenty of these 22 patients revealed acute cellular rejection, including borderline changes. There was no significant relationship between pathological severity of acute rejection and presence or absence of peritubular capillary C4d deposition. Graft survival was inferior in patients with peritubular capillary C4d deposition to that in patients without C4d deposition (p = 0.0419). Graft survival in patients with glomerular C4d deposition did not differ from that in patients without C4d deposition. In conclusion, C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries has a substantial impact on long-term graft survival.     

门静脉高压症治疗的50年回顾

目的：探讨门静脉高压症的外科治疗。方法：我院50年共收治门静脉高压症939例，分别行脾切除236例，脾腔分流术151例，脾切除＋肠系膜上静脉上静脉下腔静脉吻合术71例，脾肾静脉吻合术42例，肠系膜下静脉下腔静脉吻合术2例，贲门胃底血管离断术409例，胃底曲张静脉和部分脾介入栓塞术28例。术后随访2年、5年，并行上消化道钡餐透视。结果：比较脾腔分流术、贲门胃底血管离断术及胃底曲张静脉和部分脾介入栓塞术的远期效果：脾腔分流术的2年、5年绝对生存率分别为81．6％、56．1％，再出血率4．3％。贲门周围胃底血管离断术的2年绝对生存率为78．7％，再出血率8．0％；5年绝对生存率为74．8％，再出血率为12．4％。胃底曲张静脉和部分脾介入栓塞术的即时止血效果达到100％，术后2年再出血率为率28．6％，死亡率14．3％，术后5年生存率为14．3％。结论：Child分级B级，特别是已发生过大出血的病人，可选择贲门周围胃底血管离断术。ChildC级、有严重黄疸、腹水，发生大出血不宜手术治疗的病人，可行介入曲张血管栓塞术治疗。     

Synergistic Deposition of C4d by Complement-Activating and Non-activating Antibodies in Cardiac Transplants

The role of non-complement-activating alloantibodies in humoral graft rejection is unclear. We hypothesized that the non-complement-activating alloantibodies synergistically activate complement in combination with complement-activating antibodies. B10.A hearts were transplanted into immunoglobulin knock out (Ig-KO) mice reconstituted with monoclonal antibodies to MHC class I antigens. In allografts of unreconstituted Ig-KO recipients, no C4d was detected. Similarly, reconstitution with IgG1 or low dose IgG2b alloantibodies did not induce C4d deposition. However, mice administered with a low dose of IgG2b combined with IgG1 had heavy linear deposits of C4d on vascular endothelium. C4d deposits correlated with decreased graft survival. To replicate this synergy in vitro, mononuclear cells from B10.A mice were incubated with antibodies to MHC class I antigens followed by incubation in normal mouse serum. Flow cytometry revealed that both IgG2a and IgG2b synergized with IgG1 to deposit C4d. This synergy was significantly decreased in mouse serum deficient in mannose binding lectin (MBL) and in serum deficient in C1q. Reconstitution of MBL-A/C knock out (MBL-KO) serum with C1q-knock out (C1q-KO) serum reestablished the synergistic activity. This suggests a novel role for non-complement-activating alloantibodies and MBL in humoral rejection.