Helminths products directly modulate T cells that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Infection with helminths can protect against the development of autoimmune diseases and this has been associated with induction of anti‐inflammatory innate immune responses and Tregs. Here, we demonstrate that helminth‐derived products can directly target T cells, especially IL‐17‐secreting γδ T cells that play a key pathogenic role in CNS autoimmune disease.     

Memory T‐cell exhaustion and tolerance in transplantation

One of the biggest barriers to achieving allograft tolerance is the presence of immunological memory within the recipient, which confers a faster, more robust immune response that is in most cases more resistant to pharmacologic immunosuppression. This review will identify the mechanisms by which alloreactive T cells arise within hosts prior to transplantation, and explore the properties of immunological memory that contribute to allograft rejection. In doing so we will also illuminate how targeting pathways that induce memory T cell exhaustion can promote allograft tolerance. Recent studies demonstrating the impact of the allograft microenvironment on memory cell survival and activation, as well as new therapeutic strategies that are being explored to mitigate memory driven allograft rejection, will also be reviewed.