In-vitro tomography and non-destructive imaging at depth of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms

Tomographic imaging techniques offer new prospects for a better understanding of the quality, performance and release mechanisms of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. It is only over the last fifteen years that tomography has been applied for the in-vitro characterisation of dosage forms. This review aims to introduce the concept of tomography in a pharmaceutical context, and describes the current state-of-the-art of the four most promising techniques: X-ray computed microtomography, magnetic resonance imaging, terahertz imaging and optical coherence tomography. The basic working principles of the techniques are introduced and the current pharmaceutical applications of the technologies are discussed, together with a comparison of their specific strengths and weaknesses. Possible future developments in these fields are also discussed.     

红葱抗稻瘟霉活性成分研究

目的阐明红葱抗稻瘟霉活性的物质基础.方法利用稻瘟霉筛选体系对红葱的60%(φ)乙醇提取物及其氯仿、正丁醇和水的萃取部分进行活性筛选,并对活性部位的化学成分进行分离鉴定.结果与结论从活性部位中分离得到10个化合物,通过理化性质和波谱数据鉴定它们的结构分别为:异红葱甲素(1)、异红葱乙素(2)、红葱乙素(3)、β-谷甾醇(4)、8-羟基-3,4-二甲氧基-1-甲基-蒽醌-2-羧酸甲酯(5)、4-羟基红葱乙素(6)、hongconin(7)、4,8-二羟基-3-甲氧基-1-甲基-蒽醌-2-羧酸甲酯(8)、dihydro-eleutherinol(9)、1,3,6-三羟基-8-甲基蒽醌(10).其中,9和10为首次从该属植物中分得.化合物2、3、5、6、7、9、10具有较好的诱导稻瘟霉菌丝变形的活性,它们的最小变形浓度(minimummorphologicaldeformationconcentrate,MMDC)分别为30、30、170、130、55、60、150μmol·L-1.用MTT法测定10个化合物的抗肿瘤活性,发现化合物2、3、5、6、7、9有较强的抑制人类红白血病细胞株K562细胞生长的活性,它们的IC50值分别为33、49、266、35、174、154μmol·L-1.     

基于1H—NMR代谢组学技术寻找CCl4致大鼠急性肝损伤的代谢标志物

目的采用核磁（1H．NMR）代谢组学技术初步探讨四氯化碳（CCl4）致大鼠急性肝损伤后血清代谢物变化规律。方法SD大鼠随机分为空白、模型两组,模型组ip40％CCl4植物油溶液造成急性肝损伤模型,空白组注射等体积的植物油,造模24h后股动脉取血,常规肝脏病理切片,取血前12h禁食不禁水。比色法测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）含量,600MHzNMR波谱仪分析血清中小分子代谢物代谢轮廓,并对数据进行多元统计分析。结果模型组中ALT的含量显著升高,肝脏病理切片显示模型组大鼠的肝组织内形成很多空泡,肝细胞变大,坏死严重,有出血和大量中性粒细胞浸润：血清1H-NMR代谢图谱中共鉴定了20个代谢物,并确认了6个与CCl4致肝损伤相关的标志物。结论常规血生化指标和肝病理切片结果与代谢组学的多元统计分析结果相一致,且代谢组学可发现引起肝损伤的代谢标志物。     

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Buddleja globosa, Buddlejaceae

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Buddleja globosa, known as "matico", is employed in Chile for wound healing. AIM OF THE STUDY: To validate the traditional use of the crude drug through in vivo and in vitro evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant properties of its extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sequential hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and total methanol extracts were studied using bioguided fractionation. The following activities were investigated: analgesic (writhing test), oral and topic anti-inflammatory (paw- and ear-induced edema), free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH, superoxide anion, lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase inhibition). Sodium naproxen, nimesulide, indomethacin were used as reference drugs for in vivo, quercetin and allopurinol for in vitro assays. RESULTS: A mixture of alpha- and beta-amyrins was isolated from the hexane extract that showed 41.2% of analgesic effect at 600 mg/kg, inhibited by 47.7 and 79.0% the arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-decanoate (TPA)-induced inflammation at 3mg/20 microL/ear, respectively. A mixture of beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmastenol, stigmastanol and campesterol was isolated from the fraction CD4-N and beta-sitosterol-glycoside from the fraction CD5-N, reducing TPA-induced inflammation by 78.2 and 83.7% at 1mg/20 microL/ear, respectively. The fraction CD4-N at 300 mg/kg also showed analgesic activity (38.7%). The methanol extract at 600mg/kg per os showed anti-inflammatory effect (61.4%), topic anti-inflammatory (56.7% on TPA) and analgesic activity (38.5%). Verbascoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were the major components of the methanol extract; apigenin 7-O-glucoside was also detected. Inhibition of superoxide anion, lipoperoxidation, and DPPH bleaching effect was found in the methanol serial and global extracts. CONCLUSIONS: The present report demonstrate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Buddleja globosa and validate its use in Chilean traditional medicine.     

基于代谢组学分析研究支气管哮喘的维医“同病异证”性

目的：揭示支气管哮喘患者异常黑胆质型与非异常黑胆质型的血浆代谢组变化情况及发生机制。方法对61例异常黑胆质型支气管哮喘患者和55名非异常黑胆质型支气管哮喘患者的血浆进行核磁共振氢谱检测,通过谱图分段积分后运用正交偏最小二乘判别分析法（OPLS-DA）分析所采集的图谱。结果异常黑胆质型哮喘患者与健康对照组相比,血浆中异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、酪氨酸、甘氨酸等氨基酸以及谷氨酰胺、α-葡萄糖、β-葡萄糖、糖蛋白、肌酸、乳酸、肉碱、丙酮、丙酮酸、脂类[包含低密度脂蛋白（LDL）和极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）]、不饱和脂类的含量均有不同程度的降低（P ＜0．05）。与非异常黑胆质型哮喘患者相比,异常黑胆质型哮喘患者血浆中α-葡萄糖、β-葡萄糖、糖蛋白明显升高（P ＜0．05）,丙氨酸、谷氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、甘氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、1-甲基组氨酸等多种氨基酸含量升高,乙酰乙酸、丙酮,丙酮酸、乳酸、肌酸、肌酸酐、肉碱等代谢物含量升高,LDL 和 VLDL、不饱和脂类、乙酸、乙酰半胱氨酸、谷氨酰胺、鲨肌醇等化合物含量升高（P ＜0．05）。结论异常黑胆质型哮喘患者体内能量代谢和蛋白质代谢发生改变,体内糖异生和免疫功能的紊乱程度较严重,这可能是异常黑胆质型哮喘形成的生物学基础之一,也从一个侧面证实维医“同病异证”的科学性。     

耐药口腔鳞癌Tca8113胞外代谢产物的代谢组学分析

目的 探讨口腔鳞癌Tca8113细胞在产生耐药性后胞外代谢产物的变化,寻找差异代谢物.方法 制备胞外代谢产物样本,运用氢谱核磁共振(1H-NMR)获取口腔鳞癌Tca8113细胞和耐药Tca8113/CBP细胞的胞外代谢物图谱,偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)得出对区分2组细胞贡献较大的差异性变量,将同时满足VIP＞ 1.0和单维统计P＜0.05的代谢物确定为最终的差异代谢物.结果 基于氢谱核磁共振的代谢组学方法可以区分Tca8113和Tca8113/CBP;最终的差异性代谢物有醋酸盐、牛磺酸、丝氨酸、葡萄糖和亮氨酸,它们涉及到了蛋白质代谢、糖代谢和三羧酸循环.结论 应用代谢组学方法成功找到了耐药Tca8113细胞的差异代谢物.     

Concentration gradients in evaporating binary droplets probed by spatially resolved Raman and NMR spectroscopy

Understanding the evaporation process of binary sessile droplets is essential for optimizing various technical processes, such as inkjet printing or heat transfer. Liquid mixtures whose evaporation and wetting properties may differ significantly from those of pure liquids are particularly interesting. Concentration gradients may occur in these binary droplets. The challenge is to measure concentration gradients without affecting the evaporation process. Here, spectroscopic methods with spatial resolution can discriminate between the components of a liquid mixture. We show that confocal Raman microscopy and spatially resolved NMR spectroscopy can be used as complementary methods to measure concentration gradients in evaporating 1-butanol/1-hexanol droplets on a hydrophobic surface. Deuterating one of the liquids allows analysis of the local composition through the comparison of the intensities of the C–H and C–D stretching bands in Raman spectra. Thus, a concentration gradient in the evaporating droplet was established. Spatially resolved NMR spectroscopy revealed the composition at different positions of a droplet evaporating in the NMR tube, an environment in which air exchange is less pronounced. While not being perfectly comparable, both methods—confocal Raman and spatially resolved NMR experiments—show the presence of a vertical concentration gradient as 1-butanol/1-hexanol droplets evaporate.

Evaporating droplets occur in various contexts such as inkjet printing (1, 2), heat transfer, or daily phenomena such as drying coffee stains (3, 4). In many applications, such as painting (5), cleaning, gluing, or printing (6), where liquid mixtures are used, the evaporation of a droplet is a complex process because the concentration profile within the droplet varies over time. To improve the controllability and predictability of the technical processes, it is essential to characterize the transport phenomena during the drying process. The measurement of the droplet composition is a crucial element and has to be carried out with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution. In particular, spectroscopic methods are promising tools for contactless concentration measurements of liquid mixtures.The evaporation of a droplet is governed by physical properties such as surface tension (7), density (8–10), vapor pressure (11), and boiling temperature. Additionally, concentration gradients can evolve in liquid mixtures (12). These gradients are driven by thermal gradients due to the enthalpy of evaporation (droplet cooling) or on heated surfaces, by surface tension gradients induced by preferential evaporation of one component or by density gradients for droplets composed of liquids with different densities like water and glycerol (13). The evaporation rates of the components can vary over the droplet surface. For sessile droplets with contact angles smaller than 90°, for example, the evaporation rates are higher at the three-phase contact line (14). These thermal or surface tension gradients can induce flow inside the droplet called Marangoni flow. This flow leads to concentration gradients across the droplet (7–10). The direction of the gradient depends on the density and surface tension. A direct application of this principle is, for instance, Marangoni cleaning in semiconductor technology (15).The investigation of the composition of sessile drops on the microliter scale, as they occur in inkjet printing or other technical processes, poses a challenge because the typical length scales of interest are smaller than the capillary length. In bulk samples, the composition can be examined in a straightforward manner with chromatographic methods such as gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography or spectroscopic methods such as NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. However, for the investigation of sessile droplets, a high spatial and temporal resolution is required. For this purpose, confocal Raman spectroscopy and spatially resolved NMR spectroscopy are powerful tools. For both techniques, concentration determination is straightforward if at least two signals of the components of interest are baseline-separated. NMR is intrinsically calibration-free, whereas Raman spectroscopy requires calibration through reference experiments (16–18). Both approaches allow the quantification of concentration gradients in sessile droplets, as is shown here.In Raman microscopy, good spatial resolution can be achieved in a confocal setup. The components of mixtures can be distinguished via specific vibrations for different functional groups or through a careful analysis of the Raman signals in the fingerprint region (<1,500 cm⁻¹). For example, binary mixtures of ethanol and water can be characterized in a straightforward manner (17). If, however, both liquids have a similar chemical structure, the discrimination of the components might be hampered by signal overlap in the C–H stretching region (2,800 to 3,000 cm⁻¹); e.g., in such cases, Raman signals in the fingerprint region (<1,500 cm⁻¹) might be used for the identification of the species. However, these signals often provide a poor signal-to-noise ratio, which makes large integration times necessary. Thus, the image rate or resolution is so low that even slow diffusion processes are hardly resolved. Here, Raman stable isotope probing (SIP), which has been developed to monitor metabolic processes in microbiology, offers a solution (19). The basic idea of Raman SIP is to replace the proton in the C–H with deuterium in one of the mixture components such that the C–D stretching region occurs at roughly 1/2 times the C–H stretching and falls into a region with very weak or even without signals from the protonated liquid component. Thus, the concentration in a binary mixture can be calculated in a straightforward manner from the ratio of the integrated Raman intensities ICD/ICH of the respective stretching vibrations.Compared to Raman microscopy, where localization is achieved by scanning the focal point across the region of interest, in NMR experiments localization is achieved by using magnetic field gradients. Usually, one avoids phase boundaries (especially liquid–gas interfaces) in NMR experiments because they disturb the magnetic field homogeneity and reduce the spectral quality in terms of line shape and baseline separation of the resonances. Nevertheless, it has been shown that MRI can be used to characterize freezing water droplets (20), the infiltration of water into asphalts (21), and the evaporation of sessile droplets from porous surfaces (22–24). Additionally, NMR can be used to quantify the composition of binary droplets during evaporation (25).Thus, the use of both complementary approaches to characterize evaporating binary droplets may be beneficial. In this article, we discuss the capabilities of Raman SIP and NMR techniques to analyze the evolution of the composition of an evaporating sessile binary droplet. As a model system, a binary mixture of 1-butanol and 1-hexanol was used. This mixture shows a low volatility such that the evaporation process can be captured with both Raman and NMR spectroscopies. With Raman spectroscopy, it was possible to observe concentration gradients of 1-butan-d₉-ol over the height of the droplet during evaporation. NMR techniques were examined in terms of the capability to observe the evaporation of 1-butanol and yield time-dependent droplet composition with spatially resolved ¹H-NMR spectra. Furthermore, the contours of the evaporating droplets were tracked by optical measurements to characterize the time-dependent changes in the droplet dimensions. Flows induced by the concentration gradients were confirmed by astigmatic particle tracking velocimetry.     

“泰杰”关于发展永磁MRI的思考

本文分析了我国永磁MRI发展的历程和目前所面临的挑战；从磁学角度对当前主流永磁MRI磁体的构成方案进行了研究。提出了旨在推动我国永磁MRI产业发展的三点建议：1、开发0．5T级-永磁MRI磁体，把永磁MRI推到中场；2、开发用于手术中的专用永磁MRI；3，探讨将用于NMR测井的“insideout”概念引入血管成像的可能性。文中的叙述贯穿了借永磁MRI工作载体将我国稀土永磁资源从资源优势提升为经济优势的思想。     

大黄素的高效提取及其NMR结构探索研究

目的通过NMR定性研究大黄素的结构以及大黄素结构中的活泼性部位,为大黄素的化学结构修饰提供依据。方法从虎杖中高效提取了蒽醌类化合物大黄素,采用1D和2D-NMR的分析方法对大黄素结构进行鉴定,通过NMR变温技术及NOESY技术研究活泼性部位。结果以DMSO为溶剂、TMS作内标,采用1HNMR,13CNMR,DEPT,1H-1H COSY,NOESY,HSQC,HMBC等多种核磁共振方法对大黄素氢谱、碳谱进行完整归属,并通过NMR变温技术及NOESY的研究确定了其结构的活泼性部位。结论大黄素的3位羟基为其活泼性部位,该信息为大黄素的结构修饰以及衍生物的设计与抗肿瘤活性研究提供了物质基础。     

NMR测定丹酚酸B标准品中有机溶剂残留

[目的] 用定量核磁共振(QNMR)技术建立中药来源的标准品化合物丹酚酸B中残留甲醇、乙醇和乙酸含量的快速分析方法。[方法] 采用BRUKER AVANCEⅢ 600型超导核磁共振波谱仪采集谱图, 观频率600.23 MHz,测定温度298 K.谱宽12 019.2 Hz,采样数据点65 536,扫描次数16次, 延迟时间15 s.[结果] 所有标准曲线在1.22~2 430 mg/L范围内线性良好(r²>0.999 5),平均回收率(n=6)在 105%~109%之间。[结论] 本方法快速、准确, 可应用于样品有机溶剂残留的检测。