新性学研究:关注老年人的性生活

目前全世界人口的35%是老年人,所以产生了一个新的全球性的问题——老年人的性生活,这就是我们所研究的主题。男人或女人,夫妻或单身,白人或黑人,阔人或穷人,都表示自己的性生活、夫妻关系均受到年龄变化的影响;他们在专家、医学工作者、性科学工作者、心理咨询师等的帮助下,逐渐地意识到自己的问题所在,而且获得了很大的帮助,明白要愉快地度过自己的晚年。本文根据我们在心理咨询所中的实例整理成文,以供同行参考。     

Alcohol Consumption Policies and the Prevention of Alcohol Consumption-Related Problems: Needs,Duties, and Responsibilities*

Alcohol-related policies and the prevention of alcohol use-related problems, as well as their creation, are accomplished through planned interventions— laws, social and health programs, community-based initiatives—as well as through complex social movements and efforts implemented by the communities. Among both citizens and alcohol use intervention experts, the following three human dimensions are considered: needs, duties, and responsibilities.     

Inhibition of pituitary-adrenal activity as a consequence of consummatory behavior

(1) We have demonstrated that if food and water are restricted to the morning hours, the circadian rhythms of the pituitary-adrenal system are re-entrained and the levels of plasma corticosteroids are elevated in the morning, whereas they are usually low during that period in the rodent. Following drinking, however, there is, within 5 min, a sharp decline in plasma corticoids accompanied by an equivalent drop in ACTH. Thus, in addition to the regulation of ACTH by the usual feedback of circulating corticosteroids, there appears to be an independent central nervous system inhibitory mechanism which can cause ACTH and corticosteroids to drop concomitantly. (2) We demonstrated that the availability of a consummatory response can reduce an organism's pituitary-adrenal response to a normally stressful situation. (a) When exposed to novelty, animals usually show a striking elevation of plasma corticosterone. However, if a consummatory response-drinking-is available in the novel environment, the response to this novel environment is markedly reduced. (b) The availability of an adjunct behavior-drinking-in a situation where animals are placed on an intermittent food reinforcement schedule also causes a significant reduction in plasma corticosterone levels. (c) Shock-induced fighting results in a reduced ACTH response to shock. Fighting behavior can also be viewed as a consummatory response. (3) We believe these experiments demonstrate the bidirectionality of the pituitary-adrenal system. Since the pituitary-adrenal system appears to provide a sensitive measure of arousal state, and since consummatory responses suppress the activity of this system, it therefore appears that consummatory behavior has arousal-reducing properties.     

Performance of Decorticated Rats on Fixed Interval and Fixed Time Schedules

Rats with neocortex totally removed (decorticates), rats with hippocampal lesions (hippocampals), and their surgical controls, were trained on a fixed interval (FI) 40 s schedule, where the first bar-press response made more than 40 s after a previous reinforcement was rewarded. The decorticates and hippocampals adopted similar patterns of behaviour to the control groups through there were between-group differences in the details of performance. Compared to controls the hippocampals showed shorter post-reinforcement pauses and faster overall rates of responding, whilst the reverse was true of the decorticates. Some of this performance difference in the decorticates was attributed to difficulty in retrieving and consuming solid food reinforcement. The performance of the decorticates and hippocampals, as reflected by the post-reinforcement pause, response distribution and running rate as a function of post-reinforcement pause duration, suggests that timing remains operational in both groups. The differences in response profiles between the two experimental groups, however, indicate that hippocampus and neocortex probably make independent contributions to performance in this situation. The decorticates and their control group were later transferred from the FI to a response-independent fixed time (FT) 40 s schedule. Both groups then returned to the former FI 40 s schedule. The decorticates adjusted their behaviour to the different schedules in the same way as the control animals. The results overall are consistent with previous findings that decortication does not abolish normal patterns of operant learning and extends them to include temporal schedules.     

The sexual embodiment of the cancer patient

This paper draws upon data from my doctoral studies and uses poststructuralism as a methodology to provide a way of seeing and understanding cancer patients' complex experience of their bodies. Cancer patients were massaged for the purpose of this study and the themes addressed in this article are linked to the sexuality of the person being massaged and the masseuse (PVDR). In order to capture the richness of the cancer patients' experience, the data are presented in an unconventional way--in the form of poetry. The poems show that the damaged bodies of cancer patients are still sexual in nature. In this research, the body of the cancer patient is a discursive one inscribed with power, culture, society and history. There are also themes of managing the body, altered embodiments of femininity, altered embodiments of masculinity, intimacy, and speaking the unspeakable.     

Drugs’ pleasures

Discourses on drug use and public health show a relative neglect of the study of pleasure. We argue that work on the social, cultural and historical specificity of bodies and the emotions can be usefully drawn upon to study the pleasures of drug use. This article reflects upon the nature of pleasure and its under-representation in public health approaches to drug use and methodologies. It considers four varieties of drug pleasures: carnal pleasure, disciplined pleasure, ascetic pleasure and ecstatic pleasure drawing upon historical work on drugs and related areas. Some observations are made on the pre-eminence of certain drug pleasures today and some tensions and contradictions, which reflect broader contradictions in social values.     

Looking good, feeling good: the embodied pleasures of vibrant physicality

Social scientists of medicine have largely, although by no means exclusively, focused their research on illness and sickness thus obscuring social scientific investigations of positive health and wellbeing. Undoubtedly, important reasons exist for this but the relevance of studying 'healthy' bodies requires emphasis and wider acknowledgement within the newer (embodied, non‐dualistic) sociology of health and illness. This is necessary because the concrete corporeal manifestations of 'health' in everyday life – components of and preconditions for embodied social practice – may, paradoxically, erode bodily capital while simultaneously contributing to it. Using qualitative data generated during an ethnography of bodybuilding subculture, this paper contributes to the sociology of 'healthy' (transgressive) bodies. It describes the somatic representation of health and youth, the so‐called erotics of the gym and the perceived benefits of anaerobic exercise for everyday pragmatic embodiment. Contra critical feminist studies, it furthers an appreciative understanding of 'risky' bodywork in post‐ or late modernity and underscores the value of bringing healthy lived bodies into medical sociology.     

Effects of prior experience with dehydration and water on the time course of dehydration-induced drinking in weanling rats

Although cellular dehydration increases oral responding and swallowing of orally infused water in rats as young as 2 days old, it is not until well after the time of weaning that dehydration stimulates immediate water-seeking and initiation of drinking in situations where the water source must be approached voluntarily. Recent work has shown that the goal-directed appetitive sequence for drinking-orienting, approaching, and initiating contact with water-matures much later than the more precocial oral licking and swallowing behaviors, and normally comes to be elicited by dehydration only after post-weaning experience with dry food. In the current experiments we evaluate some critical features of post-weaning experience with dehydration and drinking, and find that prior experience with initiating drinking while dehydrated, but not experience with dehydration nor water per se, alters the time course of water intake during a subsequent hydrational challenge. The effects of experience are manifested as an increased proportion of water consumed in the early portion of the test, rather than a general increase in total consumption. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that prior experience is necessary for the coordination of water-oriented appetitive behaviors that lead to the initiation and maintenance of drinking bouts, and provide further evidence for an associative learning account of the acquisition of dehydration-induced drinking.     

Ⅹ Ⅹ Ⅳ European Stroke Conference

<正>Time:May 12-15,2015Venue:Vienna,AustriaEmail:m.g.hennerici@eurostroke.euWebsite:http://www.eurostroke.eu/On behalf of the European Stroke Conference(ESC)Programme Committee it is my pleasure to invite you all to theⅩⅩⅣESC in Vienna,Austria,where the Conference first met at the turn of the century in 2000.We invite all of you to contribute toour annual meeting and acknowledge your support through submission of proposals for teaching courses,mini and educationalsymposia,lectures as well as new topics.