颜面部寻常性痤疮患者抑郁及其影响因素分析

目的：了解颜面部寻常性痤疮患者的抑郁情绪及其影响因素,为综合、系统地治疗痤疮,提高患者的 生活质量提供参考依据。方法：采用Beck抑郁问卷对中南大学湘雅三医院皮肤科287名颜面部寻常性痤疮门诊患者 的抑郁情绪进行问卷调查。使用Epidata 3.1软件建立数据库,并采用SPSS18.0对资料进行统计分析,采用无序多分类 logistic回归分析患者抑郁情绪的影响因素。结果：287名颜面部寻常性痤疮患者中有181例存在不同程度的抑郁(BDI总 分≥5分)、检出率为63.1%,抑郁主要表现为忧郁、悲观、社会退缩等症状。与寻常性痤疮患者轻度和中重度抑郁均 相关的因素为性别、病情严重程度和病程,女性患者相对于男性患者更易出现轻度和中重度抑郁(OR=3.62与2.63); 随着痤疮病情的加重,患者出现轻度和中重度抑郁的风险也相应增加(OR=2.31与4.51);病程在1~3年和3年以上的患 者相对于病程不满1年的患者更容易出现轻度抑郁(OR=4.30与7.44),病程在3年以上的患者相对于病程不满1年的患者 更容易出现中重度抑郁(OR=3.60)。结论：大部分颜面部寻常性痤疮患者存在不同程度的抑郁,病情越严重、病程越 长及性别为女性的患者抑郁程度越严重,应对其提供心理照顾,从而提高治疗效果及生活质量。     

Flexural properties and shock‐absorbing capabilities of new face guard materials reinforced with fiberglass cloth

Abstract – Aim: Experimental materials incorporating fiberglass cloth were used to develop a thin and lightweight face guard (FG). This study aims to evaluate the effect of fiberglass reinforcement on the flexural and shock absorption properties compared with conventional thermoplastic materials. Material and Method: Four commercial 3.2‐mm and 1.6‐mm medical splint materials (Aquaplast, Polyform, Co‐polymer, and Erkodur) and two experimental materials were examined for use in FGs. The experimental materials were prepared by embedding two or four sheets of a plain woven fiberglass cloth on both surfaces of 1.5‐mm Aquaplast. The flexural strength and flexural modulus were determined using a three‐point bending test. The shock absorption properties were evaluated for a 5200‐N impact load using the first peak intensity with a load cell system and the maximum stress with a film sensor system. Results and Conclusions: The flexural strength (74.6 MPa) and flexural modulus (6.3 GPa) of the experimental material with four sheets were significantly greater than those of the 3.2‐mm commercial specimens, except for the flexural strength of one product. The first peak intensity (515 N) and maximum stress (2.2 MPa) of the experimental material with four sheets were significantly lower than those of the commercial 3.2‐mm specimens, except for one product for each property. These results suggest that the thickness and weight of the FG can be reduced using the experimental fiber‐reinforced material.     

Relearning knowledge for people in a case of right variant frontotemporal dementia

Abstract

Right variant frontotemporal dementia (Rvt-FTD) is a rare variant of FTD that usually presents with a progressive difficulty in recognizing familiar people. We aimed to determine whether rehabilitation of semantic knowledge for people improves recognition by both verbal and visual channels in a patient with Rvt-FTD. Knowledge for 21 famous people was assessed in a patient with Rvt-FTD before and after completing a semantic rehabilitation program. After rehabilitation recognition increased by 95% when presented with the famous people’s names and related semantic facts, but only by 28% when presented with their faces. Recognition of people by verbal and visual channels improves differently after semantic knowledge rehabilitation.     

Soft and hard tissue changes in skeletal Class III patients treated with double-jaw orthognathic surgery—maxillary advancement and mandibular setback

The soft tissues of the facial profile may change after skeletal movement in orthognathic surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the differences and correlation between hard and soft tissues after double-jaw surgery in skeletal Class III subjects. Radiographs from the following time points were assessed using Dolphin Imaging software: preoperative (T0), 2–4 months postoperative (T1), and 6–12 months postoperative (T2). Eleven hard and soft tissue points of the facial profile were evaluated. The Student's t-test was used to assess the significance of differences between the time intervals; Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the significance of correlation existing between these points; significance was set at P < 0.05. In the sample of 58 subjects, the correlation between hard and soft tissues in the mandible was greater than in the maxilla. Similarly, the correlations only between hard tissues and only between soft tissues presented a greater correlation in the mandible. The results are similar to those found in studies on single-jaw surgery for both the maxilla and the mandible. The influence of movements in hard tissues was restricted to the soft tissues of the same jaw, although there were exceptions.     

面颈部脂溢性角化病169例临床病理分析

目的：分析面颈部脂溢性角化病的临床、组织病理特征和诊断要点。方法：对169例面颈部脂溢性角化病的临床特点和组织病理学特点进行分析。结果：面颈部脂溢性角化病好发于中老年人,男性多于女性,发病部位以颧颊部最多见;病理分型以棘细胞型及角化过度型最常见;临床诊断易与色素痣、寻常疣／扁平疣、乳头状瘤、角化棘皮瘤、基底细胞癌、黑色素瘤等相混淆,确诊主要依据组织病理学检查。结论：脂溢性角化病是常见的面颈部皮肤良性疾病,临床上常易误诊,认识其临床病理特点有助于减少误诊。     

头皮冠状切口在面中部骨折治疗中的应用

目的:观察头皮冠状切口在面中部骨折治疗中的疗效.方法:采用头皮冠状切口治疗45例面中部骨折患者.结果:45例患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无血肿形成和感染症状.随访3～6个月,所有患者面部塌陷畸形明显改善,张闭口功能正常,复视症状消失,头皮及下睑缘切口隐蔽,瘢痕不明显.3例咬合关系不良,5例头皮切口处毛发稀疏,4例眶下区有麻木感.结论:头皮冠状切口治疗面中部骨折,切口部位隐蔽,瘢痕不明显,面型恢复满意,美容效果好,值得在临床上推广应用.     

悬吊预控张力方法在面部除皱手术中的应用

目的:在面部除皱术中,探索一种可降低伤口闭合张力,从而减轻瘢痕和秃发、维持长期提升效果的方法.方法:同时应用颧脂肪垫悬吊法、眼轮匝肌瓣悬吊法和颞部三点减张悬吊法三种悬吊方式,使伤口主要锚着点的闭合张力降低.结果:2006年至2011年,在68例面部除皱术中运用该方法,无明显伤口瘢痕增生和秃发,面部提升效果维持时间长,无面神经损伤并发症出现.结论:悬吊预控张力方法使张力重新分布到深层结构,明显减轻了伤口瘢痕增生和秃发,操作简单、安全、效果持久.     

Rapid automated landmarking for morphometric analysis of three‐dimensional facial scans

Automated phenotyping is essential for the creation of large, highly standardized datasets from anatomical imaging data. Such datasets can support large‐scale studies of complex traits or clinical studies related to precision medicine or clinical trials. We have developed a method that generates three‐dimensional landmark data that meet the requirements of standard geometric morphometric analyses. The method is robust and can be implemented without high‐performance computing resources. We validated the method using both direct comparison to manual landmarking on the same individuals and also analyses of the variation patterns and outlier patterns in a large dataset of automated and manual landmark data. Direct comparison of manual and automated landmarks reveals that automated landmark data are less variable, but more highly integrated and reproducible. Automated data produce covariation structure that closely resembles that of manual landmarks. We further find that while our method does produce some landmarking errors, they tend to be readily detectable and can be fixed by adjusting parameters used in the registration and control‐point steps. Data generated using the method described here have been successfully used to study the genomic architecture of facial shape in two different genome‐wide association studies of facial shape.     

Dissociation between the neural correlates of conscious face perception and visual attention

Given the higher chance to recognize attended compared to unattended stimuli, the specific neural correlates of these two processes, attention and awareness, tend to be intermingled in experimental designs. In this study, we dissociated the neural correlates of conscious face perception from the effects of visual attention. To do this, we presented faces at the threshold of awareness and manipulated attention through the use of exogenous prestimulus cues. We show that the N170 component, a scalp EEG marker of face perception, was modulated independently by attention and by awareness. An earlier P1 component was not modulated by either of the two effects and a later P3 component was indicative of awareness but not of attention. These claims are supported by converging evidence from (a) modulations observed in the average evoked potentials, (b) correlations between neural and behavioral data at the single‐subject level, and (c) single‐trial analyses. Overall, our results show a clear dissociation between the neural substrates of attention and awareness. Based on these results, we argue that conscious face perception is triggered by a boost in face‐selective cortical ensembles that can be modulated by, but are still independent from, visual attention.     

Odor-driven face-like categorization in the human infant brain

Understanding how the young infant brain starts to categorize the flurry of ambiguous sensory inputs coming in from its complex environment is of primary scientific interest. Here, we test the hypothesis that senses other than vision play a key role in initiating complex visual categorizations in 20 4-mo-old infants exposed either to a baseline odor or to their mother’s odor while their electroencephalogram (EEG) is recorded. Various natural images of objects are presented at a 6-Hz rate (six images/second), with face-like object configurations of the same object categories (i.e., eliciting face pareidolia in adults) interleaved every sixth stimulus (i.e., 1 Hz). In the baseline odor context, a weak neural categorization response to face-like stimuli appears at 1 Hz in the EEG frequency spectrum over bilateral occipitotemporal regions. Critically, this face-like–selective response is magnified and becomes right lateralized in the presence of maternal body odor. This reveals that nonvisual cues systematically associated with human faces in the infant’s experience shape the interpretation of face-like configurations as faces in the right hemisphere, dominant for face categorization. At the individual level, this intersensory influence is particularly effective when there is no trace of face-like categorization in the baseline odor context. These observations provide evidence for the early tuning of face-(like)–selective activity from multisensory inputs in the developing brain, suggesting that perceptual development integrates information across the senses for efficient category acquisition, with early maturing systems such as olfaction driving the acquisition of categories in later-developing systems such as vision.

From the first moments of life, the human infant brain has to deal with a complex multisensory environment. To avoid being overwhelmed by responding to each object, person, or event as unique, sensory inputs are grouped into categories. Although this key function, categorization, has been the topic of much interest in cognitive science (1), its emergence and development remain largely unknown and debated (2, 3). In general, the development of categorization is studied separately for each sensory modality, the rationale being that unisensory categories are formed before being combined into more abstract conceptual categories (4). However, experience is replete with cues coming concurrently from all sensory modalities, each maturing at a specific rate during early development (5). An outstanding issue is whether categories in early maturing senses, such as smell, play a decisive role in initiating categories in more slowly developing senses, such as vision. Here, we address this hypothesis by testing whether maternal body odor, a nonvisual cue repeatedly associated with a human face in the infant’s experience, can initiate a category-selective neural response to visual stimuli hardly categorized as faces by the young infant brain: face-like objects that elicit face pareidolia in adults (i.e., the illusory perception of a face in nonface stimuli; Fig. 1A and SI Appendix, Fig. S1).Open in a separate windowFig. 1.An EEG frequency-tagging approach to measure face-like categorization in odor contexts. (A) Natural images embedded in their original background were used as stimuli. The set comprised many visual object categories, common to nonface- and face-like objects (full set in SI Appendix, Fig. S1). (B) After EEG cap placement, infants were installed in a car seat in front of a monitor where stimuli sustained 24° of visual angle. Odors were delivered using T-shirts (unworn or worn by the mother) disposed on the infant’s chest during visual stimulation. (C) Excerpt of a 2-s clip of fast periodic visual stimulation where images are presented at a 6-Hz rate (six images/s, i.e., each lasting 167 ms) and face-like images interspersed every sixth stimulus (i.e., at a 1-Hz rate). This frequency-tagging approach allows the identification of two distinct responses in the EEG spectrum: a general visual response results from the 6-Hz image presentation frequency, and a face-like categorization response emerges at 1 Hz if the face-like objects are reliably discriminated from the nonface objects.As complex and highly familiar stimuli categorized at multiple levels (e.g., emotional expression, sex, identity), faces are ideal to study categorization in vision. The most basic and yet challenging categorization of a visual stimulus as a face has been of interest to researchers in cognitive (neuro)science and artificial intelligence for decades (see ref. 6 for review). The adult human brain is particularly impressive at automatically categorizing faces in a single fixation (7, 8), this rapid categorization being subtended by a distributed network of face-selective regions in the occipitotemporal cortex with a right hemispheric advantage (e.g., ref. 9).By contrast, the development of face categorization is more contentious. At birth, human infants already prefer looking at schematic face-like stimuli [(10, 11) e.g., ref. 12 for a neural signature in electroencephalography (EEG)], although the origin of this neonatal ability has been debated (refer to ref. 13 for review). The ability to rapidly gaze at human faces embedded in naturalistic displays improves during the first year, markedly after 6 mo of age (e.g., ref. 14; refer to ref. 15 for review). However, infants do not preferentially look at complex face-like stimuli (e.g., Arcimboldo paintings) over nonface stimuli before 7 mo (16). At the neural level, distinct activity for faces versus other meaningful or meaningless stimuli has been recorded after at least 3 to 4 mo with EEG (e.g., refs. 17–20). Yet, these neural responses are recorded over more medial occipital and central scalp regions than adult responses (refer to ref. 21 for review), likely reflecting the contribution of low-level visual cues.In recent years, a neural categorization response to natural face images has been found as early as 4 mo of age using EEG frequency tagging (22, 23). This direct differential response to faces versus other objects generalizes across numerous variable individual faces, is not accounted for by low-level image statistics, and is mainly recorded over right occipitotemporal sites as in adults (8). Importantly, this face-selective response increases when infants are presented with their mother’s body odor compared to a baseline odor (23). This is in line with behavioral (24–28) and neural evidence (29, 30) that intersensory associations mediate how infants process facial information and supports the view that the weaving of inputs from different modalities favors knowledge acquisition (for review, refer to ref. 31).However, whether nonvisual inputs systematically associated with a face in the infant’s experience can initiate face-selective activity in the infant brain when face categorization is challenging for the sole visual system has yet to be demonstrated. We address this issue in the present study by using a variety of nonface objects categorized as faces by neurotypical adults (i.e., eliciting face pareidolia, Fig. 1A and SI Appendix, Fig. S1) but which, to our knowledge, have never been associated with face-selective neural activity in infants. In line with our most recent investigation (23), we rely on concurrent maternal odors to trigger face-selective neural responses. Olfaction is indeed ideal for this purpose since it functions earlier than vision, enabling an olfaction to vision transfer of knowledge (32). Moreover, odors are perceived as more stable in space and time than visual information (33), a functional property that can increase generalization across variable visual inputs of the same category. Finally, since body odors co-occur with faces in the infant’s experience, their categorizations could be closely tied in the infant brain through reentrant connections between the olfactory and visual systems (34), allowing efficient face categorization when the response to the sole visual input is weak [following the inverse effectiveness principle of multisensory integration (35)]. On this basis, we hypothesize that concurrent maternal odor could directly activate face-selective regions of the infant visual cortex to foster their responsiveness to face-like stimuli.To test this hypothesis, we record scalp EEG in 4-mo-olds within two odor contexts (maternal versus baseline). By contrasting natural images of objects resembling faces from other nonface objects every six images in fast streams of six images per second (i.e., 6-Hz base rate), we tag a face-like categorization response at 1 Hz in the EEG frequency spectrum (Fig. 1C). Importantly, face-like and nonface stimulus sets depict the same object categories (Fig. 1A and SI Appendix, Fig. S1), making the categorization of face-like stimuli challenging for the young infant brain. Indeed, a face-like–selective neural response would emerge only if exemplars from different categories elicit similar neural responses according to their face-likeness, and exemplars from the same categories (i.e., face-like and nonface stimuli) elicit dissimilar neural responses.