关于肱骨滑车上孔的研究

目的　验证滑车上孔是否具有人种、性别和侧别差异 ,并探讨滑车上孔的成因。方法　本文观察肱骨 2 88副 (青岛 81,长春 49,通辽 77,广西 81) ,其中男 2 0 1副和女 87副 ;另随机观察青岛地区 10岁～ 80岁 177名健康人 (男 90 ,女 87)双肘正位X线片。结果　①滑车上孔出现率 :按人计为 15 5 0 %± 1 6 7% (男 11 30 % ,女 2 2 40 % ) ,按侧计为 10 6 0 %± 1 0 1% (男6 70 % ,女 17 2 0 % ) ;骨骼按人计为 19 40 %± 2 33% (男 13 90 % ,女 32 2 0 % ) ,按侧计为 12 80 %± 1 39% (男 8 40 % ,女2 3 0 0 % ) ;X线片按人计为 9 0 0 %± 2 15 % (男 5 6 0 % ,女 12 6 0 % ) ,按侧计为 7 14%± 1 43% (男 2 80 % ,女 11 5 0 % )。以上均具有明显的性别差异 (P <0 0 1) ,骨骼与X线片也存在明显的差异 ;②除长春地区外 ,全部侧别差异不显著 (u =0～ 1 0 2 ) ;③滑车上孔形状 ,以椭圆形最多 (6 1 80 % ) ,肾形次之 (2 0 0 0 % ) ,圆形最少 (18 2 0 % ) ;④滑车上孔孔径 :最大径为 (5 2 5± 0 0 5 ) (1～ 12 80 )mm ,最小径为 (3 72± 0 0 3) (1～ 8 5 )mm。X线片放大率孔径 (10 5 3± 0 76 )mm较骨骼 5 97± 0 46mm为大。结论　滑车上孔的种族差异非常显著 ,黑种人出现率最高 ,白种人最低     

三维颅脑容积成像增强扫描显示颈静脉孔区脑神经病变

目的 观察三维颅脑容积成像（3D-BRAVO）增强序列显示颈静脉孔区脑神经病变的价值。方法 纳入22例静脉孔区脑神经病变患者,包括脑膜癌病10例、神经鞘瘤6例、神经纤维瘤2例,梅毒、脑膜瘤、脊索瘤及甲状腺乳头状癌转移癌各1例,分析其常规平扫序列、增强扫描及3D-BRAVO增强序列图像,对薄层图像行多平面重建,对比观察各序列显示静脉孔区脑神经病变的效果。结果 常规平扫及增强MRI仅能显示低位脑神经的脑池段。颈静脉孔内静脉丛在增强序列3D-BRAVO中强化明显,其内走行的神经呈线状低信号,与静脉丛形成鲜明对比,利于评估病变对神经的压迫和浸润程度。结论 增强序列3D-BRAVO可清晰显示颈静脉孔区病变压迫、浸润和累及神经情况。     

Transnasal transesophageal echocardiography: A new approach for the PFO occlusion in awake patients

Objectives : To reduce risks, discomfort, cost, and operative time for percutaneous patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure, we propose to perform this procedure under transesophageal echo‐guidance using a 10 Fr. catheter introduced through nasal way (TEENW). Background : Transesophageal or intracardiac echocardiography is commonly used to guide percutaneous PFO closure. Sedation needed quite frequently during transesophageal echocardiography, increased patients' discomfort, procedure prolongation, costs, use of both femoral veins, and additional intracardiac manipulations are the main limitations of standard techniques. Methods : We enrolled 20 consecutive patients with a history of cerebral ischemia and PFO with right‐to‐left shunt. In 15 patients Amplatzer® PFO occluder was used, whereas in five patients with longer PFO tunnel (>10 mm) Cardia Intrasept® was selected. Without sedation, a multifrequency monoplane probe, developed for intracardiac echocardiography, was introduced into the nostril and advanced forward the esophagus. Then under echo guidance, the closing device was presented, opened and released. Results : Procedure lasted for an average of 33.3 min, and no complications were seen. At procedure's completion, six patients showed persistence of reduced shunt during Valsalva manoeuvre. At six‐month follow‐up, shunts disappeared in all patients. Conclusion : TEENW is safe and well tolerated, and images' quality is high enough to deserve widespread adoption of this technique for PFO closure. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Paradoxical emboli through the patent foramen ovale as the suspected cause of myocardial and renal infarction in a 48-year-old woman.

We review the case of a 48-year-old woman who underwent elective percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure following successive renal and myocardial infarction with normal renal and coronary arteries, probably as a consequence of paradoxical emboli.     

Carbon dioxide: the cause of devastating stroke without hemodynamic compromise during laparoscopic nephrectomy with injury of the inferior vena cava: A case report

Rationale:Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic surgery can bring about occult perioperative cerebral infarction, advancing our understanding of the causes of severe postoperative delayed recovery.Patient concerns:Here, we report the case of a 35-year-old woman who underwent a right renal tumor resection in our institution, during which a raised pneumoperitoneum pressure (from 15 to 20 mm Hg) was adopted by the surgeon to prevent errhysis and to help stop the bleeding. Despite an accidental minor tearing of the inferior vena cava, vital signs remained stable throughout the procedure, and no obvious abnormality was observed in either end tidal carbon dioxide values or blood gas analysis. However, the patient unexpectedly suffered delayed recovery after the operation, presenting incomplete left hemiplegia and a positive Babinski sign.Diagnoses:Perioperative stroke was diagnosed by anesthesiologists, after excluding the effects of anesthesia. Cerebral hemorrhage was excluded, as no obvious abnormality was found in the density of brain parenchyma in the emergency computed tomography examination, and a digital subtraction angiography showed no abnormal thrombosis. Further magnetic resonance diagnosis led us to consider diffuse gas embolisms to be the cause of this acute stroke; a right echocardiography revealed that a patent foramen ovale (PFO) may account for the global cerebral gas embolisms.Interventions:The patient received neuroprotective drugs (Vinpocetine, Edaravone, and Xingnaojing, which are commonly used as a standard of care in China), antiplatelets and other symptomatic treatments, plus dexamethasone to relieve edema. A contrast-enhanced echocardiography of the right heart was performed, the results of which were consistent with the sonography of a PFO.Outcomes:The patient was hospitalized for 14 days and eventually discharged after recovery. At the latest follow-up in August 2019, the patient recovered without residual neurological sequelae.Lessons:Our results emphasize the need for vigilance regarding adverse cardiovascular and neurological events caused by carbon dioxide gas embolisms when encountering the inadvertent situation of vessels rupturing. Timely monitoring of paradoxical gas embolism by transoesophageal echocardiography is necessary and can avert the risk of severe complications. Urgent consideration should be given to stopping pneumoperitoneum and switching to laparotomy for hemostasis so that the patient can obtain the best benefit–risk ratio.     

Rescue of CardioSEAL PFO closure device malposition with Amplatzer PFO closure device at time of initial implantation.

This case report describes a patient undergoing patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure for recurrent transient ischemic attacks. A CardioSEAL device was placed, but immediately prolapsed into the left atrium in an unstable position. We describe a novel percutaneous technique that allowed capture of the CardioSEAL device and closure of the PFO.     

Late free atrial wall rupture after percutaneous atrial septal defect closure and transvenous pacemaker implantation

We report a remarkable case of right atrial rupture, 3 years after transcatheter closure of a secundum atrial septal defect, and 7 months after permanent transvenous two‐chamber pacemaker implantation. The etiology of the rupture remains unclear, but the presence of the two intracardiac devices is probably not coincidental. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Age is not a predictor of patent foramen ovale with right-to-left shunt in patients with cerebral ischemic events

BACKGROUND: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) with or without atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) is highly associated with cerebral ischemic events in young patients. The prevalence of PFO and ASA in elderly patients with cerebral ischemic events is not well described. OBJECTIVE: Our study is to evaluate the frequencies of PFO with right-to-left shunt (RLS) and ASA in elderly patients and to determine whether age is a predictor of flow-reversed PFO with RLS in cerebral ischemic events. METHODS: A prospective registry for all consecutive patients with cerebral ischemic events who were evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for the detection of possible cardiac source of embolization was established and maintained in a university hospital. Patients' demographics including age, gender, ethnic origin, cerebrovascular risk factors, and all positive TEE data were collected from July 2000 to August 2001 for statistical analysis. A univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: In older patients the prevalence of PFO with RLS, PFO, and ASA was 25/118 (20%), 28/118 (24%), and 38/118 (32%), respectively, as opposed to younger patients, in whom it was 35/119 (30%), 39/119 (33%), and 38/119 (32%), respectively. Older patients had higher frequencies of hypertension (59; 69%), CAD (25; 21%), and prior history of stroke (23; 20%) as opposed to younger patients. Younger age (<60 years), gender, smoking history, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, CAD, and prior history of stroke were not associated with higher prevalence of PFO with RLS. Patent foramen ovale was associated with ASA (P < 0.001) and LVH (P < 0.019) in patients with TIA and stroke. In multivariate analysis only ASA (P < 0.001) remained significant with PFO, with RLS controlling for age, gender, and LVH. CONCLUSIONS: PFO with RLS and ASA are frequently present in elderly stroke and/or TIA patients and age is not a predictor for PFO. Transesophageal echocardiography should be considered for all stroke and/or TIA patients irrespective of their age.     

Orthodeoxia-platypnea due to intracardiac shunting relief with transcatheter double umbrella closure

The safety and efficacy of transcatheter clamshell occlusion of patent foramen ovale for relief of severe arterial desaturation and dyspnea in the upright position due to intracardiac shunting were examined in eight patients with excessive risk of surgical patent foramen ovale closure. All patients had successful reduction of intracardiac shunting with an immediate rise in oxygen saturation ?95% by implantation of a clamshell device on the atrial septum. Despite two early incidents of device embolization, retrieval and immediate re-implantation, and one patient with nonsustained atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, there were no adverse clinical sequelae. In follow-up evaluation transcatheter clamshell closure of patent foramen ovale has provided persistent relief from shuntrelated arterial desaturation and symptomatology in all living patients. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.