A prospective radiologic and neurologic follow-up study of 61 HIV-1 -infected subjects: early beginning and slow progression of brain atrophy

The course of the organic brain disease caused by human immunodeficency virus (HIV-1) was evaluated in a follow-up study. The primary material included 200 consecutive HIV-1 infected persons. Sixty-one subjects, in whom other brain-affecting factors were excluded, consented to the follow-up. They underwent 278 radiologic examinations: computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or a combination of both (mean 4.6 examinations/subject). Clinical neurologic status and, in 40 subjects, cognitive performance were repeatedly evaluated. Sixteen subjects were followed up until death and 11 of them were autopsied. Median follow-up time was 27 mo (range 2.5–66 mo). The most common radiologic finding was atrophy, found in 19 subjects at study entry and developing in 10 subjects during the study. Twenty-four subjects (39%) showed the development and/or progression of atrophy. Atrophic changes progressed most rapidly in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), but mild developing/progressive atrophy was found even in 33% of asymptomatic or neurologically intact subjects. Cognitive and radiologic worsening were simultaneous in 6/7 subjects with declining neuropsychologic test performance. Signal intensity changes including HIV-1 leukoencephalopathy appeared in AIDS patients with clear cognitive decline.     

Laparoscopic trans-cystic-duct common-bile-duct exploration

One thousand seventy-one consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed. Routine cholangiography was employed with a 99% success rate. One hundred thirty patients were found to have common duct stones (CBDS). In 48 (37%) patients they were unsuspected. One hundred eleven patients underwent attempted trans-cystic-duct extraction techniques (TCD-CBDE). One hundred three (93%) were successful. The following techniques were employed: 101—biliary endoscopy, 23—ampullary balloon dilation, 2—fluoroscopic basket retrieval.The average operative time was 136 min. The average postsurgical stay was 3.7 days. There were 19 (17%) complications—6 (5%) major. There were 4 retained stones (2 intentional) and 1 death. Patients over 65 years of age had more complications and patients with unsuspected CBDS under 65 years of age had the fewest.TCD-CBDE is a safe, effective way to extract common duct calculi. Endoscopy and basket stone retrieval was the primary technique employed.Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Nashville, Tennessee, USA, 18–19 April 1994     

A porcine model for sequential assessments of cerebral haemodynamics and metabolism

We present a physiologically stable porcine model designed for sequential assessments of pharmacological effects on mean hemispheric cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) at sustained normocapnia. The dynamic influence of continuously administered fentanyl (0.040 mg.kg-1.h-1 i.v.), nitrous oxide (70%) and pancuronium (0.30 mg.kg-1.h-1 i.v.) on these variables was studied in eight normoventilated pigs. CBF was reliably assessable at 10-min intervals by clearance of intra-arterially injected 133Xe, monitored by an extracranial scintillation detector. CMRO2 was calculated from CBF and the simultaneously measured cerebral arteriovenous difference in blood oxygen content. The intracerebral distribution of a contrast medium injected into the external and internal carotid arteries was studied by angiography, and the cerebral venous outflow was investigated by measurements of the distribution of an intra-arterially administered non-diffusible tracer, [99mTc]pertechnetate, to the internal and external jugular veins. After a 3-h equilibration period, CBF and CMRO2 were determined on six occasions over a study period lasting 1 h 40 min. The mean ranges of these variables were 56-60 and 1.9-2.0 ml.100 g-1.min-1, respectively. We conclude that the model enables repeated assessments of CBF and CMRO2 under stable physiological background conditions and thus valid cerebral pharmacodynamic investigations of drugs given for anaesthesia.     

特发性甲状旁腺机能减退症颅脑CT及MRI表现

目的探讨颅脑CT及MRI检查对特发性甲状旁腺机能减退症(IHP)的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析16例经临床确诊的IHP患者头颅CT(16/16)和MRI(3/16)表现,观察病变的范围和密度/信号等特点。结果IHP颅内主要表现为多发钙化性病变,在CT上表现为高密度,CT值114～373HU,在MRT1WI呈稍高信号或高信号,T2WI呈等信号。双侧尾状核、苍白球、壳核及丘脑的对称性、条形或团块状钙化16例;双侧额、颞、顶、枕叶皮层下钙化10例;小脑齿状核钙化6例(双侧4例,单侧2例);侧脑室旁钙化2例。结论CT和MR对IHP的诊断非常重要,其中CT对病变的显示优于MR,与临床结果结合,对IHP具有定性诊断意义。     

The effect of the synthetic neuroprotective dipeptide noopept on glutamate release from rat brain cortex slices

The level of spontaneous and K⁺-stimulated release of endogenous glutamate was studied in experiments on slices of brain cortex of Wistar rats. Pronounced spontaneous release of the neuromediator and its increase under conditions of stimulation were registered by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The effect of the nootropic and neuroprotective dipeptide Noopept (GVS-111) on release of glutamate was investigated. The peptide in concentrations of 10^?5 and 10^?6 M caused a statistically significant decrease in spontaneous and K⁺-stimulated glutamate release. This effect could be the basis of the neuroprotective action of the peptide, suggesting that further studies of Noopept as neuroprotector are very promising.     

依托咪酯对大鼠皮层、海马脑片缺氧复氧损伤的保护作用

目的观察依托眯酯对大鼠皮层、海马脑片缺氧复氧损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法雄性SD大鼠10只,体重90-100 g,制备大脑皮质和海马脑片,随机分为对照组、缺氧复氧组、3 μmol ·L-1依托咪酯组、6μmol·L-1依托咪酯组、15 μmol·L-1依托咪酯组和6 μmol·L-1依托咪酯+γ-氨基丁酸 A(GABAA)受体拮抗剂Picrotoxin 50 μmol·L-1组。各组脑片缺氧10 min复氧120 min时,测定经三苯基氯化四唑氮染色的吸光度(A490),Fluo-3荧光染色后计算细胞内Ca2+浓度。结果缺氧复氧可导致大脑皮层、海马A490降低,细胞内Ca2+浓度升高,不同浓度依托咪酯可减弱缺氧复氧导致的上述改变,以 6 μmol·L-1依托咪酯的效果较好,且此作用可被GABAA受体拮抗剂完全拮抗。结论依托咪酯对大鼠皮层、海马脑片缺氧复氧损伤有一定的保护作用,可能通过GABAA受体介导,并降低Ca2+负荷有关。     

主动吸入药物烟对大鼠一氧化氮的影响

目的　探讨主动吸入药物烟对大鼠NO的影响。方法　制备大鼠主动吸烟模型 ,采用硝酸还原酶法测定各组大鼠血清、肺、心肌及脑组织的NO含量。结果　非药物烟组大鼠血清、肺、心肌及脑组织中NO含量明显低于非给烟对照组 ,药物烟高、中剂量组NO含量明显高于非药物烟组 ,接近非给烟对照组。结论　吸烟对大鼠血液、肺、心肌及脑组织有不同程度的损伤作用 ,使NO含量降低 ;药物烟具有一定的保护和防止NO含量降低的作用。     

亚低温在治疗急性颅脑创伤中的疗效和争议

二十世纪90年代初,国内外对亚低温脑保护的作用有了新认识。动物实验研究发现亚低温对实验性颅脑外伤具有显著的治疗保护作用。大多数前瞻性临床应用研究发现30～33℃亚低温能显著降低重型颅脑伤患者的死残率。但美国Clifton教授牵头的9个医学中心合作研究发现亚低温治疗组与对照组无统计学差异.仅能显著提高GCS 6～8分、年龄<45岁、伤后6h内达到亚低温水平的病人的治疗效果。最近一项欧州5家医院多中心前瞻性随机临床研究结果令人兴奋,他们研究证明亚低温对心跳骤停脑缺血缺氧病人有显著治疗保护作用。目前国内外有关亚低温治疗的争议焦点是亚低温治疗的指征、时间窗和时程。     

神经导航辅助显微手术治疗脑功能区肿瘤

目的探讨神经导航系统辅助下脑重要功能区肿瘤显微手术的治疗效果和应用价值。方法1999年12月～2002年6月应用StealthStation神经导航系统辅助切除邻近脑重要功能区肿瘤10例,对神经导航系统术中应用的优越性、精确性等进行分析。结果本组平均注册误差为(2.8±0.9)mm,肿瘤和重要解剖功能结构定位准确,肿瘤全切除率77.8%。术后神经功能未受明显影响,无手术并发症及死亡。结论神经导航系统对于切除邻近脑重要功能区肿瘤具有定位准确,动态示踪和实时导航,侵袭性小,安全、可靠等特点,有助于提高肿瘤全切率及降低手术并发症。