宫腔镜检查在诊断异常子宫出血中的临床价值

目的:探讨宫腔镜检查在诊断异常子宫出血中的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析因异常子宫出血行宫腔镜检查,同时在宫腔镜下进行相应治疗和子宫内膜定位活检的287例患者资料。结果:287例异常子宫出血患者的宫腔镜诊断与病理组织学诊断总符合率为80.84%,其中子宫黏膜下肌瘤100.00%、子宫内膜息肉96.83%、子宫内膜增生68.42%、子宫内膜炎77.27%、萎缩性子宫内膜100.00%、子宫内膜癌100.00%。结论:宫腔镜能直接清晰地观察宫腔内及宫颈管的形态与结构,具有诊断性刮宫和超声检查不可比拟的优点,是诊断异常子宫出血的金标准。     

Assessing guideline adherence in patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding receiving antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy

Abstract

Background & aims: Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) occurs frequently and is associated with a significant morbidity and mortality, especially in patients receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy (APT and ACT, respectively). We aimed to evaluate adherence to guideline recommendations published by European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE).

Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients with NVUGIB und prior exposition to APT or ACT at a single university hospital between 01 January 2016 and 31 December 2017.

Results: 270 patients were identified (70.4% male, median age 72?years). 6/17 (35.3%) patients receiving APT for primary cardiovascular prophylaxis, 39/71 (54.9%) and 35 (49.3%) patients receiving APT for secondary cardiovascular prophylaxis (using strict and liberal definition, respectively) and 13/25 (52%) patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) were not managed according to current recommendations. Management of ACT for secondary thromboembolic prophylaxis did not follow guideline recommendations in 59/93 (63.4%) and 34/93 (36.6%) patients (using strict and liberal definition, respectively). 23.7% of patients with NVUGIB were exposed to combined APT and ACT for whom no guideline recommendations exist. Mortality for any reason was twice as high in patients who were not managed according to guideline recommendations (18.8% vs. 8% using strict definition, 20.5% vs. 10.2% using liberal definition), which did not remain significant after adjusting for comorbidities, whereas cardiovascular events were observed at similar rates.

Conclusion: A significant number of patients with NVUGIB receiving APT or ACT is not managed according to current ESGE guideline recommendations. Strategies to implement these guidelines into daily practice need to be developed.     

肝硬化病人首次食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血现状及其危险因素的调查分析

目的:探讨肝硬化病人首次食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)现状及其危险因素。方法:收集2017年12月—2019年1月收治的307例肝硬化病人为研究对象,经治疗后将未发生首次EVB的229例病人设为对照组,首次出现EVB的78例病人设为观察组。分析两组病人临床基本信息及相关资料,统计静脉曲张破裂出血现状,采取单因素分析及多元Logistic回归模型分析发生出血状况的危险因素。结果:多元Logistic回归分析结果显示,饮酒史(OR=1.912)、门静脉主干内径(OR=2.760)、肝功能Child-Pugh分级(OR=2.375)、失血量(OR=3.682)、食管静脉曲张分级重度率(OR=5.013)、红色征(OR=2.704)为肝硬化病人首次EVB独立危险因素。结论:肝硬化病人发生首次EVB的独立危险因素包括饮酒史、门静脉主干内径、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、失血量、食管静脉曲张分级重度率、红色征。医护人员应加强危险因素监测,帮助病人戒烟酒、忌粗糙饮食,定期复查,加强早期预防及诊断,以改善病人生活质量和生命健康水平。     

Physical activity as a proxy to ameliorate inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontal disease at high cardiovascular risk

While the beneficial impact of physical activity has been ascertained in a variety of pathological scenarios, including diabetes and low-grade systemic inflammation, its potential remains still putative for periodontal health. Periodontal disease has been associated with inflammatory systemic alterations, which share a common denominator with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Physical exercise, along with nutritional counseling, is a cornerstone in the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes, also able to reduce the prevalence of periodontal disease and cardiovascular risk. In addition, considering the higher incidence of periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy controls, the fascinating research question would be whether physical activity could relieve the inflammatory pressure exerted by the combination of these two diseases. This multi-disciplinary viewpoint discusses available literature in order to argument the hypothesis of a “three–way relationship” linking diabetes, periodontitis, and physical activity.     

Toxicity profile of repeated doses of PEG‐asparaginase incorporated into a pediatric‐type regimen for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Despite having been long regarded as too toxic for adult patients, pediatric‐like regimens containing L‐asparaginase have resulted in improved outcomes for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To characterize the spectrum of toxicity of repeated doses of polyethylene glycolated‐asparaginase (PEG‐asp) in adults, we reviewed all doses (2000 IU/m²) administered as part of a pediatric‐inspired regimen in adult ALL at our center. Subjects aged 18–60 yr with ALL (n = 152, 69.1% male) contributed 522 dose cycles to the study. Hepatotoxicity was the most common adverse event: grades 3–4 transaminitis and hyperbilirubinemia occurred in 53.9% and 23.7% of subjects, respectively. Hepatotoxicity was reversible; no cases of fulminate hepatic failure were observed. Other toxicities affecting at least 5% of subjects were grades 3–4 triglyceridemia in 50.9%, hypofibrinogenemia (<100 mg/dL) in 47.9%, clinical pancreatitis in 12.6%, venous thromboembolism in 11.2%, allergic reaction in 7.2%, and any grade bleeding in 5.3%. PEG‐asp was always discontinued after grades 3–4 pancreatitis or allergic reaction. Otherwise, toxicities did not preclude administration of additional cycles of the drug. Our results suggest that repeated PEG‐asp dosing is safe in adults aged 18–60 yr, even after occurrence of a drug‐related toxicity.     

Nasogastric aspiration/lavage in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a review of the evidence

Introduction: The usefulness of nasogastric aspiration and nasogastric lavage in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding is controversial, as evidenced by conflicting recommendations, both among and within society guidelines.

Areas covered: Considering these controversies, we reviewed the evidence regarding the following questions: 1) Can nasogastric lavage stop or slow down the bleeding and improve subsequent endoscopic visualization? 2) Is nasogastric aspiration helpful for the localization of bleeding? 3) Can nasogastric aspiration identify high risk patients that might benefit from earlier endoscopy? 4) Is there evidence for benefit in terms of outcomes from using nasogastric aspiration? 5) Is nasogastric intubation safe in patients with possible esophageal varices? Our review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines.

Expert commentary: Based on the available literature, nasogastric lavage or aspiration cannot be routinely recommended unless a large properly designed randomized trial (which is currently lacking) proves otherwise. It is a painful and time-consuming procedure with no demonstrated benefit for the patient in terms of outcomes. Other clinical and laboratory parameters, and risk scores, are less invasive and are effective for guiding the stratification and management of patients, while pre-endoscopic erythromycin infusion is a good if not better alternative for improving visualization of the stomach.