柏氏禽刺螨传播家鼠型汉坦病毒的研究

目的：研究柏氏禽刺螨在传播家鼠型肾综合征出血热病毒中的作用。方法：每罐放柏氏禽刺螨100只，于室温为23±1℃环境下饥饿4d，分别叮刺感染汉坦病毒（Hantaanvirus）或浙45株（Z45）大鼠乳小鼠2只或感染汉城病毒（Seoulvirus）UR株大鼠乳小鼠2只各12h，为感染螨，用感染后d15的螨叮刺正常大鼠乳小鼠9只，d30取感染鼠的肺和血清，用间接免疫荧光测试。于d15和d23取感染螨用聚合酶链反应测试其体内病毒RNA。结果：柏氏禽刺螨分别叮刺感染汉坦病毒Z45株和感染汉城病毒UR株大鼠乳小鼠后, 再分别叮刺正常大鼠乳小鼠5 只和4 只。IFAT 检测结果汉坦病毒Z45 株组的鼠全部阳性, 汉城病毒UR 株组的4 只鼠中3 只阳性, 其抗体滴度, 前者为10- 40, 后者为20- 40, 病毒在螨体内可保存22 d 以上。阻断试验显示, 病毒免疫血清1∶20 作用肺切片标本后, 部分阻断荧光抗体反应, 与未经稀释的血清作用后全部阻断特异性荧光反应。对照组正常鼠肺片和血清经IFA T 检测均阴性。结论: 柏氏禽刺螨可作为家鼠型肾综合征出血热的传播媒介和贮存宿主。     

Naloxone-reversible effect of spantide on the spinally mediated behavioural response induced by neurokinin-2 and -3 receptor agonists

Summary [d-Arg¹, dTrp^7,9, Leu¹¹]-substance P (spantide) was tested for antagonism against the licking, biting and scratching response induced by various neurokinin (NK) receptor agonists and bombesin (Bom) in mice. When co-administered with substance P (SP) intrathecally, spantide reduced the SP-induced behavioural responses in a dose-dependent manner. The duration of this antagonistic effect was approximately 30 min. Behavioural responses induced by physalaemin (Phy), [pGlu⁶, l-Pro⁹]-SP (6–11) (septide), [pGlu⁶, d-Pro⁷]-SP (6–11) (d-septide) and eledoisin (Ele) were also dose-dependently decreased by relatively small doses of spantide. Higher doses of spantide were needed to reduce the behavioural responses induced by [Sar⁹, Met (O₂)¹¹]-SP, neurokinin A (NK A) and neurokinin B (NK B). No significant effect of spantide was observed against the behavioural responses elicited by Bom. Pretreatment with naloxone, an opioid antagonist, resulted in a reversible effect on the behavioural reduction of NK-2 and NK-3 receptor agonists produced by spantide. However, the effect of spantide on the NK-1 receptor agonist-induced response was unchanged by naloxone. In homogenates of mouse spinal cord, competition studies confirmed that the binding of the opioid ligand [³H]naloxone was displaced by spantide with a low but measurable affinity. These results suggest that the behavioural response to NK-2 and NK-3 receptor agonists may be partially inhibited by spantide through the activation of opioid system in the mouse spinal cord. Send offprint requests to T. Sakurada at the above address     

Behavioural effects of intrathecally injected tachykinins in rats with peripheral nerve transection

Summary The effect of unilateral sciatic nerve transection on behavioural responses produced by intrathecal administration of substance P (SP), neurokinin A, eledoisin and physalaemin was investigated in the rat. The injection of SP (3 nmol/rat) into the subarachnoid space was followed by reciprocal scratching, biting and licking of the fore- and hind-limbs. There was no observable difference in the behavioural response to SP between rats with nerve transection and sham operated rats at 5 days after operation. Whereas at 10, 20, and 30 days after nerve transection the response to SP was significantly increased as compared with sham operated rats. This phenomenon was also observed with neurokinin A (1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 nmol/rat), eledoisin (0.05 and 0.10 nmol/rat) and physalaemin (0.05 and 0.10 nmol/ rat) at 10 days after operation. Ipsilateral depletion of SP from the lumbar (L4-L6) spinal cord was observed at 5, 10, 20, and 30 days after the unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve. These results suggest that sciatic nerve transection may produce an increased response to tachykinins through an enhanced sensitivity of tachykinin receptors in the lumbar cord. Send offprint requests to T. Sakurada     

An analysis of the mechanisms underlying septal area control of hypothalamically elicited aggression in the cat

This experiment was performed in order to examine several of the underlying mechanisms by which the septal area and adjacent regions regulate quiet biting attack behavior elicited from electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in the cat. The results clearly indicate that stimulation of the septal area and anterior cingulate gyrus increased the latency for the occurrence of quiet biting attack behavior. Those sites within the septal area from which inhibition of attack can be produced are linked to sensory mechanisms associated with trigeminal reflexes activated during hypothalamic stimulation. Stimulation of these septal area sites decreased the lateral extent of the ‘effective sensory fields’ of the lipline established during hypothalamic stimulation, but did not appear to have any affect upon] the latency of the hypothalamically elicited jaw-opening response. Deoxyglucose autoradiography revealed that the inhibition resulting from stimulation of the lateral septal area may be due to either the monosynaptic activation of the lateral hypothalamus or the disynaptic activation of this area utilizing a circuit involving the nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca.     

Mechanism of disturbances of the contractile function of the masseter muscles in rats with experimental botulism

Injection of a sublethal dose of botulinus toxin into one masseter muscle leads to unilateral paralysis of that muscle, accompanied by the development of biting. Membrane polarization and the amplitude of the action potential mainly of highly polarized muscle fibers are depressed in the paralyzed region, but the function of fibers with a low level of polarization is only slightly affected.Department of Pathological Physiology, N. A. Semashko Moscow Medical Stomatologic Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. D. Ado.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 10–12, January, 1980.     

Comparative examination of pinniped craniofacial musculature and its role in aquatic feeding

Secondarily aquatic tetrapods have many unique morphologic adaptations for life underwater compared with their terrestrial counterparts. A key innovation during the land‐to‐water transition was feeding. Pinnipeds, a clade of air‐breathing marine carnivorans that include seals, sea lions, and walruses, have evolved multiple strategies for aquatic feeding (e.g., biting, suction feeding). Numerous studies have examined the pinniped skull and dental specializations for underwater feeding. However, data on the pinniped craniofacial musculoskeletal system and its role in aquatic feeding are rare. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to conduct a comparative analysis of pinniped craniofacial musculature and examine the function of the craniofacial musculature in facilitating different aquatic feeding strategies. We performed anatomic dissections of 35 specimens across six pinniped species. We describe 32 pinniped craniofacial muscles—including facial expression, mastication, tongue, hyoid, and soft palate muscles. Pinnipeds broadly conform to mammalian patterns of craniofacial muscle morphology. Pinnipeds also exhibit unique musculoskeletal morphologies—in muscle position, attachments, and size—that likely represent adaptations for different aquatic feeding strategies. Suction feeding specialists (bearded and northern elephant seals) have a significantly larger masseter than biters. Further, northern elephant seals have large and unique tongue and hyoid muscle morphologies compared with other pinniped species. These morphologic changes likely help generate and withstand suction pressures necessary for drawing water and prey into the mouth. In contrast, biting taxa (California sea lions, harbor, ringed, and Weddell seals) do not exhibit consistent craniofacial musculoskeletal adaptations that differentiate them from suction feeders. Generally, we discover that all pinnipeds have well‐developed and robust craniofacial musculature. Pinniped head musculature plays an important role in facilitating different aquatic feeding strategies. Together with behavioral and kinematic studies, our data suggest that pinnipeds’ robust facial morphology allows animals to switch feeding strategies depending on the environmental context—a critical skill in a heterogeneous and rapidly changing underwater habitat.     

Psychiatric disorders and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome

Objective: Many previous studies have surveyed associations between Tourette syndrome (TS) and co-morbid psychiatric disorders, but they usually did not include oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: The subjects were children and adolescents with TS who visited a child and adolescent psychiatric clinic, and who were interviewed using DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Characteristics of their tics were examined by the Yale-Global Tic Severity Scale (Y-GTSS). Behavioral problems were surveyed by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) filled in by the parents. Results: About 87.9% of the subjects were boys. The mean age of the subjects was 11.8 years. The most common psychiatric disorders were attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ODD, nail biting, and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Only one subject was affected by TS without co-morbidities. Among TS patients with co-morbidities, those with disruptive behavioral disorders (DBD) have significantly higher mean scores than patients without DBD on the Externalizing scale, Social problems, Attention problems, Delinquent and Aggression scales. Co-morbidity of anxiety disorders was not related to the CBCL scores. Conclusion: Many of our results were similar to those reported in studies conducted in other parts of the world. TS is more common in boys and nearly all of them had at least one co-morbid disorder. The most common co-morbidity was ADHD. Behavioral problems in TS are related to the co-morbidity with the DBD, and possibly not to the anxiety disorders.     

Oral parafunctions,piercing and signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in high school students

Objective The use of chewing-gum and piercing has become common among adolescents and might result in increased oral muscle activity and overloading. Aim To investigate the frequency of oral piercing and parafunctions in relation to symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) among adolescents. Materials and methods One hundred and twenty-four third level high school students, living either in a city or in a small town, enrolled in either science or media programmes, were included. The students completed a questionnaire regarding different parafunctions and symptoms of TMD. A clinical examination of the temporomandibular system and estimation of the tooth wear was performed in 116 students. Results Chewing-gum was used by 86% of the students (25% with a daily use) and 14% had an oral piercing. The science students used more chewing gum than the media students (p?=?0.008), while the media students had more piercings (p?p?=?0.007) and more severe symptoms (p?=?0.003), had more medical consultations and used more analgesics (both p?p?=?0.01) than boys. Girls had more oral piercings and used more chewing gum than boys (both p?p?p?p?p?p?biting with headache (p?p?=?0.004). Conclusions There is an association between use of chewing gum, nail biting, oral piercing, and symptoms of TMD.