腭裂术后腭瘘的分类及其修复研究进展

腭瘘是腭裂术后最常见的并发症,影响患者的口腔卫生、语言功能及心理健康。目前腭瘘的定义及分类不尽相同,故腭瘘发生率的报道差异较大,发生率为0.8%~60%。本文对腭瘘的定义、分类及其修复方法进行综述。文献复习结果表明,目前缺少对腭瘘一致的定义及能全面反映腭瘘特点的分类法。腭瘘的修复方法有以下几种:邻近瓣主要用于穿孔<1 cm,且周围组织量足够的腭瘘修复;蒂在前的薄层舌背黏膜瓣是较大腭瘘的最常用方法;游离瓣主要适用于邻近瓣和带蒂都难以修复的顽固性及复杂的腭瘘;术中植入生物膜,形成3层封闭有助于减少创口复裂。离子体功能化电纺复合聚合物膜具有促血管形成作用,弹性及生物相容性良好,在动物模型上取得了良好的效果,但在人体上的安全性有待进一步研究。     

新疆畜牧科学院SCI论文产出分析

以Web of Science检索平台为统计源,对2000-2014年新疆畜牧科学院科研人员在SCI期刊上的论文产出情况进行检索,并对论文数量变化趋势、学科分布、合作机构和国家、论文被引情况及高被引论文等指标进行了系统分析,以期为该院的学科发展、人才建设提供一定的参考依据。     

Comparison of European (ESR) and American (ACR) White Papers on Teleradiology: Patient Primacy Is Paramount

The ACR and European Society of Radiology white papers on teleradiology propose best practice guidelines for teleradiology, with each body focusing on its respective local situation, market, and legal regulations. The organizations have common viewpoints, the most important being patient primacy, maintenance of quality, and the “supplementary” position of teleradiology to local services. The major differences between the white papers are related mainly to the market situation, the use of teleradiology, teleradiologist credentialing and certification, the principles of “international” teleradiology, and the need to obtain “informed consent” from patients. The authors describe these similarities and differences by highlighting the background and context of teleradiology in Europe and the United States.     

Management of complication after breast augmentation with methacrylate

IntroductionSeveral alloplastic biomaterials are available for injection to the breast, nevertheless not all of them are approved for biomedical use. Although in North America and Western Europe experience with synthetic biomaterials for breast augmentation is very limited, migratory streams might expose physicians worldwide to manage the related complications of these procedures. The aim of this study was to share with other surgeons the case of a patient presenting complications after breast augmentation with an unknown synthetic substance containing methacrylate.Presentation of caseA 33-years old Asian woman presented to our Institution with breast deformities, lumps and chest pain. The patient referred previous breast injection “with hospital fat” performed in China six years before. She was not aware about the details of the procedure, and language barriers limited communication. Clinical examination and ultrasounds revealed the irregular distribution of an unknown substance in both breasts. The material was surgically removed and replaced in the same session with polyurethane implants. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of methacrylate.DiscussionWith a growing demand for non-invasive cosmetic surgery, has been reported a growing population of untrained and unlicensed personnel performing cosmetic surgery in many countries where there are no laws that restrict the use of cosmetic procedures to physicians with appropriate training and with approved materials. Surgical removal of this substances can be extremely challenging and an open procedure with surgical debridement is recommended.ConclusionBreast augmentation with non-absorbable biomaterials can lead to severe complications, in particular for patients intending to breastfeed.     

AS1411 Aptamer/Hyaluronic Acid-Bifunctionalized Microemulsion Co-Loading Shikonin and Docetaxel for Enhanced Antiglioma Therapy

In this study, we developed an AS1411 aptamer/hyaluronic acid-bifunctionalized microemulsion co-loading shikonin and docetaxel (AS1411/SKN&DTX-M). Such microemulsion was capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), targeting CD44/nucleolin-overexpressed glioma, and inhibiting the orthotopic glioma growth. AS1411/SKN&DTX-M showed a spherical morphology with a diameter around 30 nm and rapidly released drugs in the presence of hyaluronidase and mild acid. In the U87 cellular studies, AS1411/SKN&DTX-M elevated the cytotoxicity, enhanced the cellular uptake, and induced the cell apoptosis. In the artificial blood-brain barrier model, the transepithelial electrical resistance was decreased after the treatment with AS1411/SKN&DTX-M and thereby of increasing the apparent permeability coefficient. Furthermore, AS1411/SKN&DTX-M showed a strong inhibition against the formation of cancer stem cell–enriched U87 cell spheroids, in which the expression of CD133 was downregulated significantly. In the biodistribution studies, AS1411/SKN&DTX-M could selectively accumulate in the brains of orthotopic luciferase-transfected U87 glioma tumor–bearing nude mice. Importantly, AS1411/SKN&DTX-M exhibited the overwhelming inhibition of glioma growth of orthotopic luciferase-transfected U87 glioma models and reached the longest survival period among all the treatments. In summary, the codelivery of shikonin and docetaxel using bifunctionalization with hyaluronic acid and AS1411 aptamer offers a promising strategy for dual drug-based combinational antiglioma treatment.     

Thermotropic liquid crystals from biomacromolecules

Complexation of biomacromolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, or viruses) with surfactants containing flexible alkyl tails, followed by dehydration, is shown to be a simple generic method for the production of thermotropic liquid crystals. The anhydrous smectic phases that result exhibit biomacromolecular sublayers intercalated between aliphatic hydrocarbon sublayers at or near room temperature. Both this and low transition temperatures to other phases enable the study and application of thermotropic liquid crystal phase behavior without thermal degradation of the biomolecular components.Liquid crystals (LCs) play an important role in biology because their essential characteristic, the combination of order and mobility, is a basic requirement for self-organization and structure formation in living systems (1–3). Thus, it is not surprising that the study of LCs emerged as a scientific discipline in part from biology and from the study of myelin figures, lipids, and cell membranes (4). These and the LC phases formed from many other biomolecules, including nucleic acids (5, 6), proteins (7, 8), and viruses (9, 10), are classified as lyotropic, the general term applied to LC structures formed in water and stabilized by the distinctly biological theme of amphiphilic partitioning of hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecular components into separate domains. However, the principal thrust and achievement of the study of LCs has been in the science and application of thermotropic materials, structures, and phases in which molecules that are only weakly amphiphilic exhibit LC ordering by virtue of their steric molecular shape, flexibility, and/or weak intermolecular interactions [e.g., van der Waals and dipolar forces (11)]. These characteristics enable thermotropic LCs (TLCs) to adopt a wide variety of exotic phases and to exhibit dramatic and useful responses to external forces, including, for example, the electro-optic effects that have led to LC displays and the portable computing revolution. This general distinction between lyotropic LCs and TLCs suggests there may be interesting possibilities in the development of biomolecular or bioinspired LC systems in which the importance of amphiphilicity is reduced and the LC phases obtained are more thermotropic in nature. Such biological TLC materials are very appealing for several reasons. Most biomacromolecules were extensively characterized in aqueous environments, but in TLC phases, their solvent-free properties and functions could be investigated in a state in which no or only traces of water are present. Water exhibits a high dielectric constant and has the ability to form hydrogen bonds, greatly influencing the structure and functions of biomacromolecules or compromising electronic properties such as charge transport (12–15). Indeed, anhydrous TLC systems containing glycolipids (16–19), ferritin (20), and polylysine have been reported (21–23). However, a general approach to fabricating TLCs based on nucleic acids, polypeptides, proteins, and protein assemblies of large molecular weights such as virus particles remains elusive.Here we propose that the combination of biomaterials with suitably chosen surfactants, followed by dehydration, can be effectively applied as a simple generic scheme for producing biomacromolecular-based TLCs. We demonstrate that biological TLCs can be made from a remarkable range of biomolecules and bio-inspired molecules, including nucleic acids, polypeptides, fusion proteins, and viruses. TLC materials typically combine rigid or semirigid anisometric units, which introduce orientational anisotropy, with flexible alkyl chains, which suppress crystallization (24). In the present experiments, negatively charged biomolecules and bio-inspired molecules act as rigid parts, and cationic surfactants make up the flexible units to produce TLC phases with remarkably low LC-isotropic clearing temperatures, which is another TLC signature. Electrostatic interactions couple these rigid and flexible components into hybrid assemblies, which then order into lamellar phases of alternating rigid and flexible layers (Fig. 1) stabilized by the tendency in TLCs for rigid and flexible to spatially segregate (25).Open in a separate windowFig. 1.Proposed structures of TLCs formed by the biological building blocks complexed with surfactants, showing sketches of various lamellar phases and the corresponding phase transition temperatures (°C). The lamellar bilayer structures are made of, alternately, a sublayer of the biomacromolecules and an interdigitated sublayer of the surfactants, where the negatively charged parts of the biomolecules (e.g., phosphate groups of ssDNA and ssRNA, glutamate residues of supercharged ELPs, and N-terminal glutamate and aspartate residues of pVIII protein in phages) electrostatically interact with the cationic head groups of the surfactants. For the ssDNA–DOAB and ssRNA–DOAB smectic TLCs, the oligonucleotides are randomly orientated in the DNA (RNA) sublayers. For the ELP–DDAB complexes, in addition to the bilayer smectic phase, a modulated smectic (Sm_mod) phase is observed at lower temperature. For the phage–DOAB–DDAB lamellar structures, rodlike virus particles are embedded in a sublayer between interdigitated surfactants with additional in-plane orientational order.     

Stress protein expression in early phase spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury*

Spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury is a stress injury to the spinal cord. Our previous studies using differential proteomics identified 21 differentially expressed proteins (n > 2) in rabbits with spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury. Of these proteins, stress-related proteins included protein disulfide isomerase A3, stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1 and heat shock cognate protein 70. In this study, we established New Zealand rabbit models of spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury by abdominal aorta occlusion. Results demonstrated that hind limb function initially improved after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury, but then deteriorated. The pathological morphology of the spinal cord became aggravated, but lessened 24 hours after reperfusion. However, the numbers of motor neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord gradually decreased. The expression of protein disulfide isomerase A3, stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1 and heat shock cognate protein 70 was induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. The expression of these proteins increased within 12 hours after reperfusion, and then decreased, reached a minimum at 24 hours, but subsequently increased again to similar levels seen at 6-12 hours, showing a characterization of induction-inhibition-induction. These three proteins were expressed only in cytoplasm but not in the nuclei. Moreover, the expression was higher in interneurons than in motor neurons, and the survival rate of interneurons was greater than that of motor neurons. It is assumed that the expression of stress-related proteins exhibited a protective effect on neurons.     

Insights into the structural biology of G-protein coupled receptors impacts drug design for central nervous system neurodegenerative processes**

In the last few years, there have been important new insights into the structural biology of G-protein coupled receptors. It is now known that allosteric binding sites are involved in the affinity and selectivity of ligands for G-protein coupled receptors, and that signaling by these receptors involves both G-protein dependent and independent pathways. The present review outlines the physiological and pharmacological implications of this perspective for the design of new drugs to treat disorders of the central nervous system. Specifically, new possibilities are explored in relation to allosteric and orthosteric binding sites on dopamine receptors for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, and on muscarinic receptors for Alzheimer’s disease. Future research can seek to identify ligands that can bind to more than one site on the same receptor, or simultaneously bind to two receptors and form a dimer. For example, the design of bivalent drugs that can reach homo/hetero-dimers of D2 dopamine receptor holds promise as a relevant therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease. Regarding the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, the design of dualsteric ligands for mono-oligomeric muscarinic receptors could increase therapeutic effectiveness by generating potent compounds that could activate more than one signaling pathway.