首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   88950篇
  免费   6211篇
  国内免费   3336篇
耳鼻咽喉   406篇
儿科学   1161篇
妇产科学   1285篇
基础医学   16111篇
口腔科学   1220篇
临床医学   5708篇
内科学   14442篇
皮肤病学   1442篇
神经病学   10650篇
特种医学   1207篇
外国民族医学   28篇
外科学   6533篇
综合类   10673篇
现状与发展   12篇
预防医学   2750篇
眼科学   758篇
药学   13859篇
  7篇
中国医学   1614篇
肿瘤学   8631篇
  2024年   130篇
  2023年   1046篇
  2022年   1845篇
  2021年   2622篇
  2020年   2225篇
  2019年   2227篇
  2018年   2351篇
  2017年   2360篇
  2016年   2459篇
  2015年   2870篇
  2014年   4670篇
  2013年   5991篇
  2012年   4604篇
  2011年   5441篇
  2010年   4492篇
  2009年   4604篇
  2008年   4974篇
  2007年   4732篇
  2006年   4157篇
  2005年   3692篇
  2004年   3399篇
  2003年   3082篇
  2002年   2669篇
  2001年   2336篇
  2000年   2085篇
  1999年   1856篇
  1998年   1987篇
  1997年   1855篇
  1996年   1667篇
  1995年   1303篇
  1994年   1261篇
  1993年   1124篇
  1992年   850篇
  1991年   769篇
  1990年   664篇
  1989年   510篇
  1988年   456篇
  1987年   387篇
  1986年   393篇
  1985年   515篇
  1984年   404篇
  1983年   259篇
  1982年   313篇
  1981年   259篇
  1980年   188篇
  1979年   127篇
  1978年   89篇
  1977年   64篇
  1976年   55篇
  1975年   31篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
111.
Gastric MALT lymphoma usually develops from chronic gastritis, the vast majority of which (>90%) is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. We sequenced the third complementarity determining region (CDR3) of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in 19 gastric MALT lymphoma clones to determine the pattern of variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene utilization during immunoglobulin gene rearrangement.
DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded sections and the rearranged CDR3 regions were amplified using a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (with primers complementary to the conserved framework-three segment of the variable region [FR3A] and J regions). The DNA used for cloning and sequencing was obtained after purification of monoclonal bands excised from polyacrylamide gels. The N-D-N region specific to each clone was compared with known germline D sequences.
Similarly to that observed in normal and leukaemic B cells, our series of gastric MALT lymphomas showed apparent preferential utilization of genes from the DXP family. In two cases no similarity between the CDR3 nucleotide sequences of the neoplastic clones and the known germline D sequences could be found. In 10/19 analysed alleles the lymphoma B-cell clones appeared to contain two D gene segments (D-D recombination), a rare occurrence in normal individuals but one which has been described as a significant event in the determination of idiotype expression and antigen-binding affinity. Remarkably, despite the use of different D and J segments, the resultant amino acid sequences matched in two patients, suggesting the presence of a common selecting antigen.
The observed pattern of D gene rearrangement suggests that MALT lymphoma B-cell clones have undergone antigen selection, which seems to indicate that the antigen stimulation plays a pivotal role in the development of the lymphoma.  相似文献   
112.
Mice homozygous for the lpr mutation have B and T cell defects and develop autoantibodies, suggesting that lpr plays a role in their genesis. The lpr defect has been identified as a mutation in the apoptosis-associated Fas receptor (FasR) gene. To begin to define the role of FasR in B cells, we have surveyed FasR expression on B-lineage cells from early progenitors in the bone marrow through their maturation in the periphery. Contrary to some reports, we found that FasR is expressed on B cells at all stages of their development and is highest on germinal center B cells. FasR is not expressed on lpr/lpr-derived cells. These data are consistent with the idea that lpr/lpr mice have an intrinsic B cell defect that may be manifested in developing as well as peripheral B cells. An unexpected finding is that B-1 (CD5) B cells do not constitutively express FasR: FasR becomes detectable on B-1 B cells only after activation.  相似文献   
113.
Anti-Ro sera immunoprecipitate Ro ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) from human cell extracts. Ro RNPs are biochemically heterogeneous particles whose functions are unknown and whose exact composition remains controversial. In addition to 60-kD Ro and to La proteins, a 52-kD polypeptide (p52) has been proposed to be a stable component of the Ro RNPs. To confirm the immunological studies supporting this hypothesis, we have biochemically purified Ro RNPs from HeLa cells using non-denaturing conditions. Ro RNPs segregated into three distinct populations, one of which only contained hY5 RNA (RohY5 RNPs). No p52 co-purified with Ro RNPs. Despite the absence of p52, purified Ro RNPs had biochemical and immunological properties identical to those of unfractionated Ro RNPs. Many anti-Ro sera only recognize p52 in immunoblots, and are said to be monospecific anti-p52. Preincubation with purified RohY5 RNPs (free of p52) of all human anti-Ro (including so-called monospecific anti-p52) sera abolished their capacity to immunoprecipitate Ro RNPs from unfractionated HeLa cell extracts. Conversely, preincubation of anti-Ro sera with purified p52 protein specifically inhibited recognition of p52 in immunoblots, but did not interfere with immunoprecipitation of Ro RNPs. Our data demonstrate that anti-p52 antibodies do not target intact Ro RNPs, nor do they target the native 60-kD Ro protein. Contrary to previous reports, p52 protein is not a stable component of antigenically intact Ro RNPs.  相似文献   
114.
Macrophages, dendritic cells or B lymphocytes have been shownto play a major role in the presentation of soluble antigensto CD4+ T cells. In contrast, the capacity of these cells topresent particulate antigens such as bacterial or parasiticantigens to T cells remains controversial. To investigate thisquestion, well defined particulate antigens were prepared bycovalent linkage of proteins or peptides to 1 µm in diametersynthetic microspheres. The T cell immunogenicity of such particulateantigens was analyzed in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, a solubleprotein such as hen egg lysozyme (HEL) coupled to beads stimulateda strong proliferative T cell response of lymph node cells fromHEL-primed mice or of specific T cell hybridomas. HEL coupledto beads was presented to the specific T cell hybridomas bysplenocytes or by peritoneal macrophages, but not by lymphomaB cells. Immunization of mice with several different proteinantigens or with a synthetic peptide covalently linked to beadsinduced strong CD4+ T cell responses in the absence of adjuvant.The strong in vivo immunogenicity of proteins coupled to beadsdid not result from a non-specific adjuvant effect of beadssince covalent linkage of the antigen to beads was strictlyrequired to induce T cell responses in the absence of adjuvant.In vivo treatment by carrageenan showed that macrophages arerequired for the in vivo stimulation of T cell responses bythese particulate antigens. Thus, these results demonstratedthe role of phagocytic cells, especially macrophages, for invivo presentation of particulate antigens. These particulateantigens represent an interesting approach for the developmentof new vaccines, and for the in vivo analysis of the role ofvarious antigen presenting cells in T cell activation and differentiation.  相似文献   
115.
PROBLEM: There is substantial data that support the efficacy of paternal leukocyte immunization (PLI) for the treatment of alloimmune mediated miscarriage; however, there is confusion regarding the laboratory test that should be performed to determine levels of maternal anti-paternal leukocyte antibodies (MAPLA). METHOD: Popular methodologies employed include: 1) microcytotoxicity (MCX), 2) mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), and 3) cell flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM). Cell flow cytometry crossmatch correlates well with the more difficult MLC assay although the former proves the more sensitive study. This work compares the MCX assays with FCXM. The study group consisted of ten women who had a history of three or more spontaneous abortions (SABs). All ten had very low levels (<10%) of MAPLA as measured by FCXM. Following PLI all subjects demonstrated elevated levels (>50%) of MAPLA by FCXM. At 12 weeks gestation, sera were simultaneously measured for MAPLA by MCX and FCXM. RESULTS: Although all ten patients had very high levels of MAPLA by FCXM during pregnancy, five of ten had antibodies to HLA Class I and two of ten had antibodies to HLA Class II paternal antigens by MCX. Furthermore, all patients who were positive by MCX to paternal Class I antigens were also positive to Class I antigens not seen in either parent. Both patients who were positive by MCX to paternal Class II antigens were also positive to maternal Class II antigens. Notable is that all ten women eventually delivered healthy infants. CONCLUSION: Based on this preliminary study, the MCX assay is neither sensitive or reliable enough to determine the need and/or to monitor the effectiveness of PLI. Flow cytometry should be the modality of choice when determining the need for alloimmunotherapy and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.  相似文献   
116.
含化复方新诺明引起过敏性休克一例患者,女,30岁,因咽峡炎于1992年8月7日晚10时自行含化复方新诺明(广州白云山制药厂)两片、约7分钟后,出现全身搔痒,当即肌注苯海拉明20mg,静推10%葡萄糖酸钙10ml,旋即全身泛起荨麻疹,奇痒难忍,眼睑轻度水肿,嘴唇发麻,咽部“发紧”,发音困难,烦躁,立即给予吸氧,静推地塞米松10mg,皮下注射肾上腺素0.5mg,与此同时,患者脸色苍白、鼻尖、未梢发凉,口唇紫绀,时吸暂停,意识丧失,脉搏140次/分,细数,血压测不到,再次给予皮下注射肾上腺素0.5mg,静点地塞米松15mg,并给予扩容、纠酸,约一分钟后,欲行气管切开时,患者呼吸渐恢复、继而意识清楚,紫绀减轻,血压10/16kPa,遂休克纠正。复方新诺明片致过敏性休克者尚属少见,该患者有青霉素过敏史,局部用药又易致过敏,考虑喉头痉挛与药物含化有关。(长治市人民医院王爱军,崔文华,郭天然)含化复方新诺明引起过敏性休克一例@王爱军,崔文华,郭天然$长治市人民医院  相似文献   
117.
以环己酮为起始原料,经与苯肼缩合、氧化、Mannich 反应制得1,2,3,9-四氢-3-二甲胺基甲基-4H-咔唑-4-酮盐酸盐(5),后者再与2-甲基咪唑缩合、甲基化合成翁丹西隆,总收率为10.4%。  相似文献   
118.
Hepatocyte regeneration has been widely investigated, with the mitotic index and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine being used as regeneration markers. We focused on the induction of DNA replication enzymes, particularly DNA polymerases (pol) α, δ, and ε. Using rat models, we have shown that the activity of pol α in crude liver extract well represents the regenerating capacity of hepatocytes. Using pol α as an indicator, we analyzed liver regeneration in rat models under various conditions: obstructive jaundice, external or internal biliary drainage, and the obstruction of portal vein branches. It has been revealed that the ligation of the common bile duct alone induces a certain amount of hepatocyte proliferation. It was striking that external biliary drainage suppressed regeneration capacity in cholestatic rat liver after partial hepatectomy. The strong regeneration in nonligated lobes induced by portal branch ligation was similar to the liver regeneration seen after partial hepatectomy with respect to the induction of DNA polymerases. Taken together, the aspects of DNA replication, particularly the induction of DNA polymerases, may contribute to shedding new light on the regeneration of human liver. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research and for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan, and by grants from the Uehara Memorial Foundation  相似文献   
119.
We have shown earlier that nicotinic agonists induce the release of noradrenaline from chick sympathetic neurons in culture in two ways: (a) by activating the postsynaptic nicotinic receptors on nerve cell bodies, giving rise to spreading electrical activity and opening of voltage operated calcium channels in neuronal processes; (b) by activating the presynaptic nicotinic receptors on neuronal processes. In the present work, we investigated the contribution of various pathways to the observed Ca2+ influx and subsequent noradrenaline release. Sympathetic neurons in culture were stimulated either by the nicotinic agonist dimethylphenylpiperazinium or electrically, in the presence or absence of tetrodotoxin and of specific blockers of calcium or nicotinic channels, and the effects on [Ca2+]i in the area of neuronal processes and on noradrenaline release were measured. Under control conditions, the N-type channel blocker ω-conotoxin (0.1 μmol/1) diminished the release of noradrenaline and the increase of intraterminal Ca2+ by 48% and 55%, respectively, whereas the L-type channel blocker (+)Bay k 8644 (1 μmol/1) diminished the release of noradrenaline by 25% and the increase of [Ca2+]i by 39%. The P-type channel blocker ω-agatoxin (0.3 μmol/1) had no effect. The effects of the L-type channel ligands were complex and could only be explained on the assumption that, at high concentrations, these drugs also act as nicotinic antagonists. Tetrodotoxin blocked the Ca2+ response evoked by electrical stimulation whereas DMPP applied in the presence of tetrodotoxin still evoked an increase of [Ca2+]i and the release of noradrenaline (27% and 30% of control without tetrodotoxin, respectively). These residual responses were not blocked by any of the calcium channel blockers used or by their combination. Apparently, a substantial part of the influx of Ca2+ induced by the activation of presynaptic nicotinic receptors is not carried by the N-, L- or P-type channels and probably occurs directly via the open channels of nicotinic receptors.  相似文献   
120.
THESTUDYOFESTROGENANDPROGESTERONERECEPTORINNASOPHARYNGEALCARCINOMAZhengTianrong郑天荣;LiJiancheng李建成;LiuXiuying刘秀英;(Departmentof...  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号