青年高血压患者临床特征分析

背景　青年高血压发病率逐年上升,但对于青年高血压人群的认识和重视不足,目前尚无专门针对青年高血压的防治指南。目的　了解青年高血压患者的临床特征,为青年高血压早期诊断和治疗提供建议与参考。方法　选取2016—2017年在阜外医院高血压中心因高血压首次住院、年龄≤35岁的患者875例为研究对象。收集患者一般临床资料、病因类型、并发症及靶器官损伤相关指标。结果　共入组875例青年高血压患者,其中原发性高血压624例（71.3%）,继发性高血压251例（28.7%）。原发性高血压中男性患者451例（72.3%）,继发性高血压中男性患者168例（66.9%）。251例青年继发性高血压中最常见病因为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）,随后依次为肾血管性高血压（RAS）、原发性醛固酮增多症（PA）、主动脉狭窄、多囊卵巢综合征及肾实质性高血压,其他少见病因包括甲状腺功能异常、库欣综合征、Liddle综合征及嗜铬细胞瘤。与原发性高血压相比,继发性高血压入院血压高,并发肾功能不全、心力衰竭、主动脉夹层、外周动脉狭窄/闭塞比例高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　原发性高血压是青年高血压的主要病因,男性患者多见,接近1/3的患者具有高血压的继发性因素,OSA、RAS、PA是继发性高血压三大主要病因。继发性高血压较原发性高血压患者血压水平高、靶器官损伤重。     

Skeletal Status in Children,Adolescents and Young Adults with End-Stage Renal Failure Treated with Hemo- or Peritoneal Dialysis

The skeletal status in 30 children, adolescents and young adults (18 females, 12 males) with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) aged 9-23 years (mean 15.8 ± 3.6 years) was evaluated using measurements of bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm²) at the spine and total body (TB) (Lunar DPX-L, USA), quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the hand phalanges (DBM Sonic 1200, IGEA, Italy) and laboratory investigations (parathyroid hormone, serum total and ionized calcium, serum phosphate). Eleven subjects were treated with hemodialysis and 19 with peritoneal dialysis. The mean value of the amplitude-dependent speed of sound (Ad-SoS, m/s) measured by QUS was significantly decreased in comparison with the value obtained in a group of 686 age-matched controls (1942 ± 74 m/s vs 2050 ± 77 m/s, p<0.0001). BMD measurements were also decreased in comparison with mean values for the healthy population (Z-scores for spine −1.47, and for TB −1.53). Duration of dialysis correlated significantly with spine-BMD, TB-BMD and Ad-SoS (r=−0.37, r = −0.45, r=−0.55, respectively, p<0.05), while duration of ESRF did not have such an influence. Laboratory investigations did not correlate with skeletal parameters. Ad-SoS correlated significantly with spine-BMD (r= 0.45, p<0.05) and TB-BMD (r= 0.56, p<0.01). Both QUS and BMD values correlated significantly with Tanner stages (r ranged from 0.59 to 0.69, p<0.001) and did not increase with age except for correlation between age and TB-BMD. In conclusion, skeletal status in the population studied is strongly affected by ESRF. Both QUS and BMD measurements show an ability to express skeletal changes in a similar manner, though the QUS parameter seems to be more sensitive at revealing changes due to renal failure. Received: 12 July 2001 / Accepted: 8 November 2001     

成人与青少年在内收上前牙的正畸治疗中牙根吸收的比较研究

目的：探讨成人与青少年在内收上前牙的正畸治疗中牙根吸收的差异。方法：选择运用直丝弓矫治技术矫治完成的上颌前突并拔牙矫治患者79例,其中成人患者38例,青少年患者41例。在其矫治前后的曲面断层片上对4个上颌切牙进行牙根形态观察及冠根长度的测量,以获得正畸治疗后牙根吸收的定性及定量资料。利用SPSS11.0软件对所得资料进行检验分析。结果：治疗后成人患者上颌中切牙的根吸收量大于侧切牙,成人患者上颌中切牙的根吸收量亦大于青少年患者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;同时,治疗后成人与青少年患者上颌中切牙的牙根吸收等级分布存在差异（P〈0.01）。结论：成人在上颌前牙的内收矫治中中切牙的根吸收风险较大。     

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: A distinct but heterogeneous clinical entity

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) accounts for 2%-12% of all cases of diabetes. Patients are typically diagnosed after 35 years of age and are often misdiagnosed as type II Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Glycemic control is initially achieved with sulfonylureas but patients eventually become insulin dependent more rapidly than with type II DM patients. Although they have a type II DM phenotype, patients have circulating beta (β) cell autoantibodies, a hallmark of type I DM. Alternative terms that have been used to describe this condition include type 1.5 diabetes, latent type I diabetes, slowly progressive Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, or youth onset diabetes of maturity. With regards to its autoimmune basis and rapid requirement for insulin, it has been suggested that LADA is a slowly progressive form of type I DM. However, recent work has revealed genetic and immunological differences between LADA and type I DM. The heterogeneity of LADA has also led to the proposal of criteria for its diagnosis by the Immunology of Diabetes Society. Although many workers have advocated a clinically oriented approach for screening of LADA, there are no universally accepted criteria for autoantibody testing in adult onset diabetes. Following recent advances in immunomodulatory therapies in type I DM, the same strategy is being explored in LADA. This review deals with the contribution of the genetic, immunological and metabolic components involved in the pathophysiology of LADA and recent approaches in screening of this distinct but heterogeneous clinical entity.     

青壮年面部皮肤厚度的分布特点

目的:研究青壮年人体面部不同部位的皮肤厚度特点。方法:取10例正常青壮年尸体面部24个不同部位的皮肤,做7μm厚切片,HE染色,测微尺测量表皮(Hight1,H1)及皮肤(Hight2,H2)厚度,计算表皮与真皮的比例(Ratio=Hight1/Hight2,R=H1/H2),数据用SPSS13.0进行处理。结果:所测量青壮年面部皮肤的厚度为(2.094±0.622)mm,表皮的厚度为(0.066±0.023)mm,眼睑部皮肤最薄(1.008±0.070)mm,鼻尖部皮肤最厚(3.224±0.175)mm,R在0.02～0.04之间。除口唇、鼻、眼眉、耳轮、下颌等部位外,面部大部分皮肤厚度为2.00～3.00mm。结论:本组所测青壮年面部不同部位的皮肤和表皮厚度不同,表皮占皮肤的比例相对稳定,皮肤厚度的区域分布具有一定特点,据此可以指导面部的磨削术等外科手术。     

生长分化因子5诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞微团成软骨分化的研究

[目的]探讨应用生长分化因子5(growth differentiation factor 5,GDF-5)诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞(human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,hMSCs)微团成软骨分化的可行性及效果。[方法]体外分离培养hMSCs,取第3代细胞实验。将hMSCs分别用无血清H-DMEM和含10、20、50、100 ng/ml GDF-5的软骨诱导液(chondrogenic medium,CM)诱导,显微镜下观察细胞形态变化,MTT法检测各组细胞的增殖情况。诱导2周后重悬细胞,以5×106/ml的细胞密度离心构建微团,继续诱导2周。RT-PCR检测两组细胞Ⅱ型胶原mRNA的表达。免疫组化、甲苯胺蓝染色检测Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖表达。[结果]hMSCs呈梭形、漩涡状生长。100 ng/ml GDF-5诱导的hMSCs呈圆形或多角形。五组微团分别由无血清H-DMEM、含10,20,50,100 ng/ml GDF-5的软骨诱导液诱导2周后,除H-DMEM组无Ⅱ型胶原mRNA、Ⅱ型胶原蛋白和蛋白多糖的表达外,其他各组Ⅱ型胶原mRNA、Ⅱ型胶原蛋白和蛋白多糖的表达呈...     

Perceived stress mediates the relationship between mindfulness and negative affect variability: A randomized controlled trial among middle‐aged to older adults

Despite the interest in mindfulness over the past 20 years, studies have only recently begun to examine mindfulness in older adults. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate pretreatment to post‐treatment change in negative affect variability (NAV) following a mindfulness training among 134 mildly stressed, middle‐aged to older adults. The secondary aim was to assess if the effects of mindfulness training on NAV would be partially explained by pretreatment to post‐treatment reductions in perceived stress, a trend that would be congruent with several stress models. In this randomized control trial, participants were assigned to either a 6‐week mindfulness meditation training programme or to a wait list control. Ecological momentary assessment, a data capturing technique that queries about present moment experiences in real time, captured NAV. Mixed‐model ANOVAs and a path analysis were conducted. Participants in the mindfulness meditation training significantly reduced NAV when compared with wait list control participants. Further, there was a significant indirect group effect on reductions in NAV through change in perceived stress. Few studies have tested mechanisms of action, which connect changes that occur during mindfulness training with psychological outcomes in older adults. Understanding the mechanisms by which mindfulness enhances well‐being may optimize interventions.     

成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病患者骨密度变化及影响因素分析

目的探讨成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病(latent autoimmune diabetes in adults,LADA)患者骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)变化及其影响因素。方法选取2013年4月至2016年6月于武警浙江总队杭州医院内分泌科确诊的LADA患者43例,作为LADA组,另选同期健康体检人员40名作为对照组。检测两组受试者代谢指标空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h postprandial blood glucose,2 h PBG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、血钙、血磷、24 h尿钙、24 h尿磷、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、尿微量蛋白(microalbuminuria,MAU)水平,并检测腰椎2~4BMD及股骨颈BMD进行比较。同时研究L2~4BMD及股骨颈BMD与代谢指标水平之间的关系,并分析L2~4BMD及股骨颈BMD的影响因素。结果两组受检者血磷、24 h尿磷、ALP水平均无明显差异(P0.05),LADA组FPG、2hPBG、HbA1c、24h尿钙及MAU均明显高于对照组(P0.05),LADA组血钙明显低于对照组(P0.05);LADA组L2~4、股骨颈BMD均明显低于对照组(P0.05);L2~4BMD与HbA1c、MAU呈负相关(r=-0.351、-0.242,P0.05),与血钙呈正相关(r=0.396,P0.05);股骨颈BMD与HbA1c、MAU呈负相关(r=-0.462、-0.118,P0.05),与血钙呈正相关(r=0.411,P0.05)。结论LADA患者的骨密度明显低于健康受试者,性别、血钙、MAU为L2~4BMD的影响因素,年龄、性别、血钙、MAU为股骨颈BMD的影响因素。     

中青年缺血性卒中脑动脉狭窄分布及危险因素分析

目的探讨中青年缺血性卒中患者脑动脉狭窄分布规律及相关危险因素。方法对50例青年缺血性卒中患者及68例中年患者行DSA检查,收集患者的临床资料,并进行比较。结果与青年组比较,中年组前循环血管狭窄率显著降低,后循环及联合病变率显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。青年组颅内血管狭窄率显著高于颅外及颅内-外联合病变率(均P0.01),中年组颅内-外联合病变显著高于颅内及颅外病变(均P0.05)。与青年组比较,中年组颅内血管狭窄率显著降低,颅外及颅内-外联合病变率显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。与青年组比较,中年组颅外动脉轻度狭窄的比率显著降低,中度狭窄及重度狭窄的比率显著增高(均P0.01)。与青年组比较,中年组颅内动脉轻度狭窄的比率显著降低,重度狭窄的比率显著增高(均P0.05)。与中年组比较,青年组高同型半胱氨酸血症比率显著增高(P0.01),糖尿病、冠心病、高血压比率显著降低(P0.05~0.01)。结论青年缺血性脑血管病的脑动脉狭窄以前循环病变为主,单纯大脑中动脉狭窄及高同型半胱氨酸血症发生率较高,伴发的动脉粥样硬化性疾病相对偏少。中年缺血性卒中患者后循环病变增多,串联及联合病变更多见,动脉狭窄程度更重,伴发的动脉粥样硬化性相关疾病更多。     

Health status and use of medications by adults with intellectual disability in Western Australia

Background Evidence suggests that adults with intellectual disability (ID) are vulnerable to poor health outcomes. This paper describes the health status and medication use of adults with ID in Western Australia.

Method We conducted a cross-sectional survey by interview of 328 adults with ID (M age?=?37 years, range: 18–82) and their families/support persons (79% proxy or joint informants).

Results Although 90% of participants reported long-term health conditions (M?=?2.6, range: 0–10), including epilepsy, allergies, eczema, asthma, and mental health problems, three quarters of the participants (77%) described their health as good or very good. Younger participants (18–44 years) reported osteoporosis and stroke, conditions commonly associated with ageing, more often than the general population at those ages. Medication use was high, with 70% taking one or more medications (Mdn?=?3 medications, range: 0–21).

Conclusions Many participants reported that health problems affected their daily lives, yet the majority reported good health. Long-term health conditions were common and many people used several types of medications. Participants had poorer health than the Western Australian population overall. Careful monitoring of health conditions and regular review of medications are recommended to improve health outcomes for adults with ID.