Comparison of near heterophoria tests under varying conditions on an adult sample

PURPOSE: This study compared the near phoria measurement using the Bernell muscle balance card with and without prism neutralization, using both trial frame and phoropter correction, and compared with the conventional Maddox rod method. METHODS: Forty young normal Chinese adults had their near phoria measured with trial frame correction using the conventional muscle balance card method (method 1). Any deviation was compensated with a prism bar as an alternative approach (method 2). The conventional Maddox rod method (method 3) was also carried out for comparison. These three methods were repeated with phoropter correction and considered as methods 4, 5 and 6. RESULTS: The phorias obtained from these six methods were not significantly different from each other (repeated measures anova, p > 0.05). More than half of the subjects were exophoric. Although the difference in phoria was not significant, phoria measurement using phoropter correction yielded a greater coefficient of variation. CONCLUSIONS: Near phoria measurement using the muscle balance card conducted with trial frame correction was less variable, and was also more natural and similar to a real reading situation. The use of prism for compensation did not affect the phoria results. Exophoria seems to be more common than esophoria in young Chinese adults.     

Effects of ageing on the total number of muscle fibers and motoneurons of the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles in the rat

The age-related changes in the total number of muscle fibers and motoneurons of the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles were studied using 10-, 65-, and 135-week-old rats. The number of fast twitch muscle fibers was decreased at age 65 weeks, while the numbers of slow twitch fibers and of alpha motoneurons were decreased only later, at age 135 weeks. Therefore, the degenerative process of muscle fibers differs with the fiber type.     

低氧及运动致大鼠骨骼肌形态学改变的实验研究

目的观察低氧及低氧复合运动时,大鼠体重及腓肠肌显微、超微结构的变化,旨在探讨低氧状态下适当运动对骨骼肌的影响。方法建立大鼠低氧及低氧复合运动模型,运用光镜及透射电镜观察大鼠腓肠肌显微、超微结构的变化。结果低氧复合运动组较低氧安静组大鼠体重差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。低氧复合运动组骨骼肌结构正常,线粒体数量增加,骨骼肌纤维增粗,毛细血管增生。结论低氧复合适当的运动能够维持骨骼肌的正常形态,增强骨骼肌的有氧代谢,起到保护骨骼肌的作用,从而提高骨骼肌的低氧适应能力,促进低氧习服。     

Impaired modulation of motor cortex excitability by homonymous and heteronymous muscle afferents in focal hand dystonia.

A decrease of heteronymous median nerve-evoked inhibition of corticospinal projections to forearm extensor muscles was reported in a group of 10 dystonic patients by Bertolasi and colleagues in 2003. Here we tested the excitability of corticomotoneuronal connections to both wrist extensor (ECR) and flexor (FCR) muscles after conditioning stimulation of median and also radial nerve at rest in a group of 25 patients with focal hand dystonia compared to 20 healthy subjects. We also investigated the effect of the wrist dystonic posture, either in flexion or in extension, on the afferent modulation of ECR and FCR motor evolved potentials (MEPs). The heteronymous (median-induced) but also homonymous (radial-induced) inhibitions (interstimuli intervals 13-21 ms) of ECR MEP size observed in healthy subjects were decreased in patients. In addition, homonymous (median-induced) facilitation of FCR MEP size was also decreased in patients while heteronymous inhibition (radial-induced) was not. Neither the involvement of the target muscle in the dystonic posture nor the origin of the afferent volley (from a dystonic muscle) influenced the degree of impairment of afferent modulation of the MEP. These findings support the view that a global abnormal somatosensory coupling in focal hand dystonia may contribute to an inadequate motor command to wrist muscles.     

前列通瘀提取液对前列腺平滑肌细胞增殖与凋亡的作用

目的:研究前列通瘀提取液对体外培养前列腺基质平滑肌细胞增殖与凋亡的作用。方法:分别以1、2、10、50、100×10-5g/L 5种不同浓度前列通瘀提取液作用体外培养前列腺基质平滑肌细胞,采用MTT和TUNEL法分别测定抗增殖指数和凋亡指数。结果:5种不同浓度前列通瘀提取液作用48 h后抗增殖指数分别为50.61%、53.52%、56.92%、65.53%、72.94%,抗增殖效果随着浓度增大而增大。100×10-5g/L前列通瘀提取液作用24、48、72 h后凋亡指数与对照组比较差异无显著性。结论:(1~100)×10-5g/L前列通瘀提取液体外作用前列腺基质平滑肌细胞具有显著的抗增殖作用。     

Treatment of cremaster synkinesias with botulinum toxin A: a video case report.

Synkinesias secondary to nerve lesions and aberrant re-innervation are well-known phenomena especially after lesions of the facial nerve. Synkinesias can successfully be treated with botulinum toxin A (BTx A). Synkinesias of the cremaster muscle have not been described or treated to date. We present the case of a 62-year-old man who developed synkinesias of both cremaster muscles after extensive laparatomy for esophageal cancer. Treatment of synkinesias with various oral medications had been unsuccessful. Electromyography-guided injections of BTx A in both cremaster muscles (15 MU on the right and 10 on the left) led to significant symptom relief for an average of 8 weeks. We present the case including pre- and posttreatment video clips.     

胫骨前肌疲劳时比目鱼肌诱发肌电图H波的变化及其机制探讨

为了解主动肌疲劳时拮抗肌脊髓运动神经元兴奋性变化的规律 ,本研究采用踝关节背屈运动形式 ,对胫骨前肌 (主动肌 )疲劳状态下的比目鱼肌 (拮抗肌 )诱发肌电图H波成分进行了观察。并以压迫阻断胫骨前肌Ⅰa类神经纤维传导的方法 ,对比目鱼肌H波变化机制进行了分析探讨。结果发现 :(1)胫骨前肌疲劳后 ,比目鱼肌H波明显受到抑制 ,与安静时比较呈非常显著性差异 ;(2 )胫骨前肌Ⅰa类神经纤维传导被阻断后 ,比目鱼肌H波的抑制现象没有解除。表明 ,胫骨前肌疲劳时比目鱼肌H波被抑制的原因 ,可能是由于主动肌内的代谢产物激活了Ⅲ·Ⅳ类神经纤维的感受器 ,Ⅲ·Ⅳ类神经纤维的传入冲动增加 ,使Ⅰa抑制性中间神经元被激活 ,导致拮抗肌脊髓运动神经元的兴奋性受到了抑制     

两种不同方法定位肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的临床观察

目的 观察经肩胛舌骨肌定位和运用神经刺激器定位肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞两种方法的临床效果。方法 选择ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级的择期上肢手术患者60例，随机分为两组：I组（30例）通过肩胛舌骨肌定位穿刺点寻找异感；Ⅱ组（30例）使用神经刺激器定位肌间沟臂丛神经，观察肌肉节律性收缩。两组分别观察进针深度，阻滞效果及不良反应。I组还同时观察肩胛舌骨肌触摸难易度，穿刺部位以及一次异感获得率等。结果 I组肩胛舌骨肌触摸容易者27例（90％），穿刺部位距锁骨上缘1.6-3.1cm，进针深度0.5-1.5cm，一次获得异感26例（87％），阻滞效果完善，无不良反应。Ⅱ组有28例阻滞完善，另2例阻滞不全，2例出现不良反应。结论 运用神经刺激器定位肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞切实可行。而以肩胛舌骨肌定位肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞定位明确，效果满意，简单易行。     

葛根素对抗H2O2引起血管平滑肌细胞凋亡及坏死

目的：研究葛根素对过氧化氢引起无血清培养的小牛主动脉血管平滑肌细胞凋亡和坏死的影响。方法：通过体外细胞培养，以噻唑兰（MTT）法测定细胞存活率，用流式细胞术检测细胞DNA含量及凋亡细胞百分率；DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳法观察细胞凋亡过程中DNA断裂程度。结果：H2O2诱导无血清培养的平滑肌细胞凋亡，葛根素可显著降低平滑肌细胞中凋亡细胞百分率，并减少凋亡细胞DNA断裂，同时也减少其引起的平滑肌细胞坏死。结论：葛根素可对抗H2O2引起的无血清培养的血管平滑肌细胞凋凋亡及坏死。     

钾通道开放剂降低血管平滑肌细胞内游离钙浓度(英文)

目的:研究PCO—Pin,Nic,Lem及RP对VMSC内[Ca~(2 )]_i的改变及其可能机制。方法:VSMC加入Fura-2 AM 2.5μmol·L~(-1)37℃下孵育50min,[Ca~(2 )]_i用荧光分光光度计检测。结果:4种PCO能较弱地抑制K~ 30 mmol·L~(-1)诱导的[Ca~(2 )]_i增加,但明显抑制ATP 0.1mmol·L~(-1)诱导的[Ca~(2 )]_i峰相及持续相增加,且呈剂量依赖性。格列苯脲完全阻断Pin,Lem及RP的作用,只部分抑制Nic的作用。无钙液中先给4种PCO,能显著抑制ATP诱导的[Ca~(2 )]_i峰相增加。结论:4种PCO均抑制ATP诱导的[Ca~(2 )]_i增加,此作用与减少细胞外钙内流及细胞内钙释放有关。