Astrocytic STAT3 activation and chronic itch require IP3R1/TRPC-dependent Ca2+ signals in mice

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云南省1990～1997年脊髓灰质炎野病毒监测及应用研究

１９９０年后,云南省逐步开展了脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒学监测,１９９９０～１９９７年共分离到“株脊灰病毒．对毒株进行了型内鉴定及核苷酸序列分析,并及时根据野毒监测结果开展了针对性的免疫活动。７年的监测及应用研究结果表明：（１）１９９０～１９９３年,云南省有脊灰Ⅰ型野病毒的广泛传播和循环;（２）１９９３年后所采取的常规免疫辅以强化免疫的干预措施具有明显的控制效果;（３）在我国首次监测到输人性脊灰野病毒病例．确定了云南省边境地区和周边地区已成为脊灰高危地区,是世界卫生组织西太平洋地区和中国今后工作的重点和难点;（４）必须加强边境地区的免疫和监测工作,同时还应加强地区间、国家间和大区间的合作与协调,才能确保全球消灭脊灰目标的实现．     

Regulating T-cell differentiation through the polyamine spermidine

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Advancement of cell-penetrating peptides in combating triple-negative breast cancer

Extensive research efforts have been made and are still ongoing in the search for an ideal anti-cancer therapy. Almost all chemotherapeutics require a carrier or vehicle, a drug delivery system that can transport the drug specifically to the targeted cancer cells, sparing normal cells. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) provide an effective and efficient pathway for the intra-cellular transportation of various bioactive molecules in several biomedical therapies. They are now well-recognized as facilitators of intracellular cargo delivery and have excellent potential for targeted anti-cancer therapy. In this review, we explain CPPs, recent progress in the development of new CPPs, and their utilization to transport cargoes such as imaging agents, chemotherapeutics, and short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) into tumor cells, contributing to the advancement of novel tumor-specific delivery systems.     

Targeted mutation of CCK2 receptor gene modifies the behavioural effects of diazepam in female mice

Rationale Evidence suggests that GABA and CCK have opposite roles in the regulation of anxiety. Objective The aim of the present work was to study diazepam-induced anxiolytic-like action and impairment of motor co-ordination, and the parameters of benzodiazepine receptors in mice lacking CCK₂ receptors. Methods The action of diazepam (0.5–3 mg/kg IP) was studied in the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety and rotarod test using mice lacking CCK₂ receptors. The parameters of benzodiazepine receptors were analysed using [³H]-flunitrazepam binding. Results In the plus-maze test, the exploratory activity of the homozygous (−/−) mice was significantly higher compared to their wild-type (+/+) littermates. However, the wild-type (+/+) mice displayed higher sensitivity to the anxiolytic-like action of diazepam. Even the lowest dose of diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) induced a significant increase of open arm entries in the wild-type (+/+) mice. A similar effect in the homozygous (−/−) mice was established after the administration of diazepam 1 mg/kg. The highest dose of diazepam (3 mg/kg) caused a prominent anxiolytic-like effect in the wild-type (+/+) mice, whereas in the homozygous (−/−) animals suppression of locomotor activity was evident. The performance of the homozygous (−/−) mice in the rotarod test did not differ from that of the wild-type (+/+) littermates. However, a difference between the wild-type (+/+) and homozygous (−/−) animals became evident after treatment with diazepam. Diazepam (0.5 and 3 mg/kg) induced significantly stronger impairment of motor co-ordination in the homozygous (−/−) mice compared to their wild-type (+/+) littermates. The density of benzodiazepine binding sites was increased in the cerebellum, but not in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, of the homozygous (−/−) mice. Conclusions Female mice lacking CCK₂ receptors are less anxious than their wild-type (+/+) littermates. The reduced anxiety in homozygous (−/−) mice probably explains why the administration of a higher dose of diazepam is necessary to induce an anxiolytic-like action in these animals. The highest dose of diazepam (3 mg/kg) induced significantly stronger suppression of locomotor activity and impairment of motor co-ordination in the homozygous (−/−) mice compared to the wild-type (+/+) littermates. The increase in the action of diazepam is probably related to the elevated density of benzodiazepine receptors in the cerebellum of homozygous (−/−) mice. The present study seems to be in favour of increased tone of the GABAergic system in mice without CCK₂ receptors.     

重组腺病毒介导的野生型p53基因对结直肠癌细胞的放射治疗增敏作用

目的探讨野生型p53基因通过重组腺病毒转染至结直肠癌细胞后对放射治疗（放疗）的增敏作用。方法将含野生型p53基因的重组腺病毒转染SW480结直肠癌细胞后,采用4、6Gy对其进行放疗。并通过噻唑蓝比色法检测生长抑制率、末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记检测细胞凋亡水平、免疫组化检测增殖细胞核抗原的表达。结果经4、6Gy放疗后,转染野生型p53基因的SW480细胞生长受到了明显的抑制（P〈0．05）,凋亡率增加,增殖细胞核抗原比率下降。结论野生型p53基因可增加p53突变的结直肠癌细胞对放射治疗的敏感性。     

In vitro activity of ibrexafungerp against Candida species isolated from blood cultures. Determination of wild-type populations using the EUCAST method

ObjectivesIbrexafungerp is a new oral glucan synthase inhibitor with in vivo and in vitro activity against Candida spp., including echinocandin- and azole-resistant isolates. We studied the in vitro activity of ibrexafungerp against Candida species isolated from blood cultures and assessed wild-type upper limits against the five Candida species most frequently associated to candidaemia.MethodsIsolates (n = 958) causing incident episodes of candidaemia in patients admitted to Gregorio Marañón hospital (Madrid, Spain) between January 2007 and April 2021 were studied. Antifungal susceptibility to ibrexafungerp, fluconazole, micafungin and anidulafungin was tested (EUCAST E.Def 7.3.2) and wild-type upper limits determined against C. albicans (n = 462), C. glabrata (n = 120), C. parapsilosis (n = 249), C. tropicalis (n = 73) and C. krusei (n = 24). fksgene sequencing was carried out in non-wild-type isolates.ResultsIbrexafungerp showed antifungal in vitro activity against the studied isolates. Wild-type upper limits for ibrexafungerp were >0.25 mg/L against C. albicans, >1 mg/L against C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis, and >2 mg/L against C. krusei. Percentages of ibrexafungerp non-wild-type isolates were low (C. parapsilosis and C. krusei, 0%; C. albicans, 0.22% (1/462); C. glabrata, 0.83% (1/120); and C. tropicalis, 1.37% (1/73)). Ibrexafungerp proved in vitro activity against fluconazole- or echinocandin-resistant isolates.DiscussionWe show in vitro activity of ibrexafungerp against the tested Candida species. Furthermore, we provide ibrexafungerp wild-type upper limits, which allows defining the wild-type populations of the five most relevant Candida species.     

Ptaquiloside from bracken (Pteridium spp.) inhibits tumour-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in HPV-16 transgenic mice

Bracken is a fern with worldwide distribution. Exposure to bracken toxins such as ptaquiloside is hypothesized to increase the risk of papillomavirus-related cancers of the upper digestive tract. Ptaquiloside is thought to be an immunosupressor, thus allowing for the development of viral lesions. We have used a human papillomavirus type 16-transgenic (K14-HPV16) mouse model to study the effects of ptaquiloside on tumour-infiltrating CD8⁺ T lymphocytes, which are critical players in anti-tumour immunity. HPV16^+/− mice received ptaquiloside (0.5 mg/mouse/week) for 10 weeks. These were then euthanized at 30 weeks of age, along with age-matched untreated controls. Skin samples were enzymatically digested and CD8⁺ T cells analysed for CD107a and CD44 surface expression. Ptaquiloside-exposed HPV16^+/− mice showed a significantly decreased percentage (P < 0.05) of CD8⁺CD107a⁺ and CD8⁺CD44 ⁺ T cells when compared with untreated HPV16^+/− animals. Histologically, 100% of ptaquilosidetreated mice showed diffuse epidermal dysplasia, compared with 50% of the untreated mice. These findings suggest that ptaquiloside exerts an immunosuppressive role by decreasing CD8⁺ T cell activation and degranulation in HPV-induced lesions. Given the key role of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes against HPV-induced lesions, this effect is likely to contribute for viral persistence, tumour progression and increased aggressiveness in patients with HPV-related malignancies.