乳腺癌中WWOX基因的杂合性缺失及其蛋白表达的研究

目的 检测乳腺癌组织中WWOX基因的杂合性缺失(LOH)状况及WWOX蛋白的表达状况,并探讨其与乳腺癌临床病理参数之间的关系.方法 运用PCR-聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳-银染法检测31例乳腺癌组织中WWOX基因在三个微卫星位点的LOH状况,并用免疫组化方法检测WWOX蛋白的表达情况.结果 在31例乳腺癌中有12例(38.7%)存在一个或一个以上位点的LOH,有15例发生WWOX蛋白的表达下降或缺失(51.6%),且多发生在DNA水平伴有LOH的病例.结论 在乳腺癌中存在WWOX的表达减弱或缺失,WWOX基因的杂合性缺失可能是导致其表达下调的重要原因.     

包含氧化还原酶的WW结构域基因甲基化与食管鳞状细胞癌的关系

目的：研究食管鳞状细胞癌（esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC）包含氧化还原酶的WW结构域（WW domain containing oxidoreductase,WWOX）基因启动子甲基化及mRNA的表达与ESCC发生发展的关系。方法：采用改进的甲基化特异性PCR（methylation specific PCR,MSP）和RT-PCR技术检测69例ESCC组织及48例相应癌旁正常组织中WWOX基因的DNA甲基化和mRNA表达情况。结果：ESCC组织中WWOX基因启动子的甲基化发生率为26.1%（18/69）,显著高于癌旁正常组织4.2%（2/48）（P=0.002）;Ⅲ、Ⅳ期食管癌患者中WWOX基因甲基化发生率（43.3%,13/30）显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期（12.8%,5/39）（P=0.004）;低分化癌组的甲基化发生率（33.3%,4/12）高于高分化（20.0%,3/15）和中分化组（26.2%,11/42）,但其差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。ESCC组织中WWOX基因mRNA的相对表达量比相应癌旁正常组织低,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。ESCC组织中WWOXmRNA的相对表达量与临床病理因素无明显相关关系（P〉0.05）。结论：WWOX基因启动子甲基化可能与ESCC的形成和进展有关。     

乳腺癌组织WWOX基因表达及其与ER、绝经状态的相关性

目的：探讨WWOX基因在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与雌激素受体(estrogen receptor, ER)、绝经状态等临床病理学特征的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学SP法检测56例正常乳腺组织、12例乳腺导管原位癌和87例侵袭性乳腺癌组织WWOX蛋白的表达,结合临床病理学资料进行分析。结果：62.1%(54/87)的乳腺癌组织和28.6%（16/56）正常乳腺组织中出现WWOX蛋白表达降低或丢失,两组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01 ）。50%的乳腺导管原位癌组织中WWOX 蛋白表达降低。82.1% 的ER（-）组和 52.5% ER（+）组病例表现为WWOX蛋白表达降低或缺失,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。51.8%的绝经后患者和22.4%的绝经前患者出现WWOX表达完全缺失,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。此外,晚期乳腺癌患者WWOX表达降低或缺失的比例增高,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者中WWOX表达完全缺失的比例分别为23.1%、28.6%和46.2%,各期间的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论:乳腺癌中存在着WWOX基因的表达缺失,其异常表达与ER状态、绝经状态和肿瘤临床分期关系密切,提示WWOX基因可能是通过激素受体信号途径在乳腺癌的发生和发展中发挥作用。     

抑癌基因WWOX在甲状腺癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨WWOX基因在甲状腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组化方法检测50例甲状腺癌,31例甲状腺腺瘤及20例正常组织中WWOX蛋白的表达,并分析其与病理指标及临床特征之间的相关性。结果WWOX在甲状腺癌、甲状腺腺瘤及正常甲状腺组织中的平均积分光密度分别为：50．86±6．05、70．95±4．23、87．77±8．46。WWOX在甲状腺癌中的表达与后两者之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。未发现WWOX蛋白表达在不同临床病理指标间存在显著性差异。结论WWOX蛋白在甲状腺癌组织中呈低表达,该蛋白表达的缺失可能在甲状腺癌的发生、发展过程中发挥重要作用。     

FHIT、WWOX和MDR1基因在鼻咽癌中的表达

目的探讨FHIT、WWOX基因组在鼻咽癌患者中的表达、失活机制及MDR1基因在鼻咽癌中的表达。方法采用荧光相对定量RT-PCR法检测89例鼻咽癌患者(试验组)和61例慢性鼻黏膜炎患者(对照组)鼻咽部组织WWOX、FHIT和MDR1基因mRNA表达水平,甲基化特异性(MSP)方法及变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析FHIT和WWOX基因mRNA表达下调原因。结果 (1)实验组鼻咽组织中FHIT、WWOX和MDR1基因的mRNA表达量与对照组间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05);按临床分期和分化程度分层后,试验组中病情较严重者较病情轻者,分化程度低的较分化程度高者间的FHIT和WWOX基因表达量差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且FHIT和WWOX基因表达量与临床分期、分化程度呈负相关(r=-0.731,P=0.000;r=-0.816,P=0.000;r=-0.626,P=0.000;r=-0.536,P=0.001);试验组低分化者MDR1基因mRNA与高分化者间差异有统计学意义(P=0.021),且组织学类型与MDR1基因mRNA相对表达量呈负相关(r=-0.697,P=0.000);试验组的FHIT与WWOX基因的mRNA相对表达量呈正相关(r=0.540,P=0.000)。(2)试验组的FHIT和WWOX基因启动子甲基化程度明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且FHIT和WWOX的mRNA与该基因启动子甲基化程度呈正相关(r=-0.689,P=0.000;r=-0.594,P=0.000)。(3)试验组中有39例(43.8%)在FHIT基因中至少有1个位点存在杂合性缺失(LOH),在WWOX基因中42例(47.2%)至少一个位点存在LOH,明显高于对照组的3例和2例(4.9%,3.3%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。且FHIT和WWOX基因mRNA与该基因基因杂合性缺失呈负相关(r=-0.239,P=0.049;r=-0.364,P=0.013)。结论启动子甲基化是鼻咽癌患者WWOX和FHIT基因表达下调的主要原因,可能也是鼻咽癌的发生、发展的主要原因。MDR1基因过度表达与鼻咽癌的分化程度密切相关。     

WWOX基因真核表达载体的构建及其在SMMC-7721中的表达

Objective:To construct eukaryotic expression plasmid pEGFP-N1-WWOX and transiently express it in SMMC-7721 cells.Methods:Total mRNA was extracted from normal human liver tissue.RT-PCR was used to amplify the aimed segments WWOX cONA which was then digested with Hindlll and BamHl and inserted into a eukaryotic expression plasmid pEGFP-N1 to construct pEGFP-N1-WWOX.The constructed plasmid was transfected into SMMC-7721 cells by lipofectamine 2000-mediated transfer method.The expression of WWOX in transfected SMMC-7721 cells was detected 24.36 and 48 h post-transfection with fluorescence microscope and the expression level of WWOX mRNA in transfected SMMC-7721 cells was assay by using RT-PCR.The change of WWOX expression and cell proliferation rates were detected by immunocyto-chemistry and MTT methods respectively.Results:The results showed pEGFP-N1-WWOX was successfully constructed and expressed transiently in SMMC-7721 cells.At 48th hour post-transfection.the number of positive cells was jncreased significantly and much brighter green fluorescence could be detected,while no green fluorescence was detected in the control group.In SMMC-7721 cells transfected with pEGFP-NI-WWOX a high level of porcine WWOX was detected.WWOX ex-pressed by transfected cells could significantly inhibit che proliferation of SMMC.7721 cells.Conclusion:pEGFP-N1-WWOX was expressed successfully in SMMC-7721 cells,which suggested that might be used as a new therapeutic method for liver cancer.     

胆囊癌WWOX、Survivin表达及相关性研究

目的观察WWOX、Survivin在胆囊癌中的表达,探讨WWOX和Survivin与胆囊癌的相关性。方法采用免疫组化法检测48例胆囊癌组织、20例癌旁正常胆囊粘膜组织WWOX和Survivin的表达。结果胆囊癌组织中WWOX的阳性表达率显著低于正常胆囊粘膜组织（P〈0.01）,胆囊癌组织中Survivin的阳性表达率显著高于正常胆囊粘膜组织（P〈0.01）,胆囊癌中WWOX和Survivin阳性表达率与病理分级、临床分期和淋巴结转移情况相关（P〈0.05）,WWOX和Survivin在胆囊癌组织中的表达明显负相关（P〈0.05）。结论 WWOX和Survivin蛋白异常表达在胆囊癌发生过程中具有重要意义。     

Alterations of common chromosome fragile sites in hematopoietic malignancies

Conditions of replication stress affect expression of all common fragile regions, including FRA3B (chromosome 3p14.2), FRA16D (16q23), FRA6E (6q26), FRA7G (7q31.2), and FRAXB (Xp22.3), and a number of cancer cell lines exhibit homozygous deletions in 2 or more common fragile regions. In 1996 the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene was isolated from the region encompassing the most active fragile FRA3B locus, and recently the WW domain-containing oxidoreductase gene (WWOX) was identified at FRA16D. These 2 fragile genes are altered or deleted in various epithelial tumors and exhibit tumor suppressor function. Aberration or absence of WWOX expression recently was detected in primary hematopoietic malignancies. The aberration resulted not only from genomic deletions but also possibly from epigenetic modifications associated with expression of fragility. Thus chromosomal aberrations at common fragile sites, in addition to the well-defined hallmark leukemia chromosome translocations, are involved in clinicopathological outcomes of hematopoietic malignancies.     

抑癌基因WWOX与相关基因p73、Bax在结直肠癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨含有WW结构域的氧化还原酶基因（WW domain containing oxidoreductase,WWOX）的表达与结直肠癌生物学行为及p73、Bax表达的相关性。方法应用免疫组化Envision二步法检测58例结直肠癌中WWOX、p73及Bax的表达,并以20例结直肠黏膜炎症为对照。结果①WWOX、Bax在结直肠癌组织中的阳性率分别为25.86%、58.62%,显著低于结直肠黏膜炎症的65%、85%（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）;二者在结直肠癌中的表达与患者的预后相关（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）,且WWOX的表达在癌组织与浸润深度相关（P〈0.05）;②p73在癌组织中的阳性率显著高于炎症组（63.79%vs 30%,P〈0.01）,在结直肠癌中的表达与淋巴结转移及浸润深度有关（P〈0.05）;③WWOX与p73的表达无关（χ2=0.072,P〉0.05）,而与Bax的表达有关（χ2=6.561,P〈0.05）。结论 WWOX、p73及Bax参与调控结直肠癌的发生、发展,且WWOX与Bax协同作用,在结直肠癌的预后中扮演了重要角色。     

WWOX,the FRA16D gene: A target of and a contributor to genomic instability

WWOX is one of the largest human genes spanning over 1.11 Mbp in length at chr16q23.1‐q23.2 and containing FRA16D, the second most common chromosomal fragile site. FRA16D is a hot spot of genomic instability, prone to breakage and for causing germline and somatic copy number variations (CNVs). Consequentially WWOX is frequent target for deletions in cancer. Esophageal, stomach, colon, bladder, ovarian, and uterine cancers are those most commonly affected by WWOX deep focal deletions. WWOX deletions significantly correlate with various clinicopathological features in esophageal carcinoma. WWOX is also a common target for translocations in multiple myeloma. By mapping R‐loop (RNA:DNA hybrid) forming sequences (RFLS) we observe this to be a consistent feature aligning with germline and somatic CNV break points at the edges and core of FRA16D spanning from introns 5 to 8 of WWOX. Germline CNV polymorphisms affecting WWOX are extremely common in humans across different ethnic groups. Importantly, structural variants datasets allowed us to identify a specific hot spot for germline duplications and deletions within intron 5 of WWOX coinciding with the 5′ edge of the FRA16D core and various RFLS. Recently, multiple pathogenic CNVs spanning WWOX have been identified associated with neurological conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, infantile epileptic encephalopathies, and other developmental anomalies. Loss of WWOX function has recently been associated with DNA damage repair abnormalities, increased genomic instability, and resistance to chemoradiotherapy. The described observations place WWOX both as a target of and a contributor to genomic instability. Both of these aspects will be discussed in this review.