绿色荧光蛋白转基因神经干细胞脑出血大鼠脑内移植后血管生成与神经形态学的改变

目的 观察绿色荧光蛋白转基因神经干细胞(NSCs/GFP)脑出血大鼠脑内移植后血管生成与神经形态学改变.方法 分离、培养及纯化NSCs/GFP,并进行体外诱导分化.注射动脉血制作大鼠脑出血模型,3d后将NSCs/GFP注入血肿同侧尾状核,观察NSCs/GFP在脑内分化情况以及大鼠不同时间点行为学的变化.结果 成功分离、培养及鉴定NSCs/GFP,体外诱导分化为内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞;移植入脑出血大鼠脑内后,能促进其肢体功能恢复(P＜0.05),且能分化为神经元、星型胶质细胞、内皮细胞及平滑肌细胞.结论 NSCs/GFP移植入脑出血大鼠脑内能改善其运动功能,并有生成血管与神经的能力.     

建立仿人类胚胎早期血管发生的芽生类胚体模型

目的 以分化后人胚胎干细胞为材料,建立仿人类早期胚胎血管发生的芽生类胚体模型.方法 将未分化人胚胎干细胞以类胚体(EB)的形式诱导分化,再以不同的血管生成刺激因子作用于类胚体、进行芽生类胚体的二次诱导,摸索芽生类胚体的最佳培养条件;并以LDL吞噬法、免疫荧光抗体标记以及培养体系中加入血管生成抑制因子等方法检测芽生类胚体中是否存在人胚胎干细胞分化后的早期血管内皮细胞.结果 (1)分化第11天的类胚体已能够在胶原基质中形成芽状分支,彼此间还能互相连接形成网络状结构.(2)在含有血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、酸性成纤维细胞生成因子(FGF)的胶原基质中,从EB中伸展出的芽状分支能吞噬Dil-AcLDL、表达CD31、具有类似于血管腔的三维中空结构,称为芽生EB.刺激芽生EB发生的细胞因子最佳浓度为:VEGF50ng/ml,FGF 100 ng/nd.(3)芽生EB间的网络状结构,能被血管生成抑制因子内皮抑素和PF4抑制.结论 芽状结构中含有由人胚胎干细胞分化而来的内皮细胞,芽生EB是研究人类胚胎发育过程中早期胚胎血管生成的一种模型.     

The relation of aberrant vasculogenesis to skeletal malformation in the hamster fetus

Summary Oral administration of teratogenic doses of retinoic acid to pregnant hamsters on day 10 of gestation is associated with dysmorphogenesis of the appendicular skeleton. During the 24h following retinoic acid treatment, the developing limb bud vasculature was disorganized, with blood vessels encroaching on areas where mesenchymal condensation of the skeletal blastemata normally occurs. Large, branching marginal folds and endothelial cell vesiculations protruded into the blood vessel lumina. It is suggested that the vascular changes observed may affect the concurrent early development of the skeleton and contribute to the skeletal malformation seen in near-term fetuses.     

Effect of mobilization of bone marrow stem cells by granulocyte colony stimulating factor on clinical symptoms, left ventricular perfusion and function in patients with severe chronic ischemic heart disease

OBJECTIVES: A phase I safety and efficacy study with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilization of bone marrow stem cells to induce vasculogenesis in patients with severe ischemic heart disease (IHD) was conducted. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND RESULTS: 29 patients with IHD participated in the study. Thirteen patients were treated with G-CSF for 6 days and 16 patients served as controls. G-CSF treatment was without any serious adverse events. Four patients were "poor mobilizers" with a maximal increase in CD34+ cells to 5,000+/-700/mL blood (mean+/-S.D.) compared to 28,900+/-5,100/mL blood in "mobilizers". At the follow-up, G-CSF treated had improved in CCS classification, NTG consumption and angina attacks, but the controls only in CCS classification. No difference was seen between the two groups. The decline in NTG consumption tended to be significant in "mobilizers" compared to controls. Myocardial perfusion was unchanged at adenosine stress single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) or magnetic resonance images (MRI). Left ventricular ejection fraction decreased from 57% to 52% (p<0.01, MRI) and from 48% to 44% (p=0.07, SPECT) in G-CSF treated, but was unchanged measured with echocardiography. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment by G-CSF improved symptoms but not signs of myocardial ischemia in patients with severe IHD. The effects seemed related to mobilization of stem cells. An adverse effect on ejection fraction could not be excluded.     

Role of mesenchymal cells in the neovascularization of the rabbit phallus

The neovascularization of the rabbit phallus at ages between prenatal days 15 and 21 was investigated by light- and electron microscopy, computer-aided light microscopic reconstruction, and immunocytochemistry. The phalli are embedded by an abundance of mesenchymal cells, which are in contact with the neighboring ones or with the endothelial lining of growing capillaires. They often form solid cell cords that eventually make contact with the growing capillaries. The computer-aided reconstruction of the serial light micrographs reveals that these cell cords are involved in connecting the adjacent capillaries. The incorporation of such mesenchymal cell projections into the endothelial lining, occasionally conjugated with simple attachement devices, is frequently observed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The contact areas between the mesenchymal and endothelial cells show immunoreactions of fibronectin. These results indicate the successive transformation of mesenchymal cells to endothelial cells of the growing capillaries. As endothelial cells of the growing capillaries show mitotic proliferation, such vasoformative mesenchymal cells seem to be involved in the acceleration of the neocapillarization of the rabbit phallus. Fibronectin actively produced in the mesenchymal cells may participate in their migration and the mechanical linkage with the endothelial cells. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide promotes neovasculogenesis in vitro and ex vivo

The formation of new blood vessels has been shown to be fundamental in the repair of many damaged tissues, and we have recently shown that the adult human periodontal ligament contains multipotent stem/progenitor cells that are capable of undergoing vasculogenic and angiogenic differentiation in vitro and ex vivo. Enamel matrix protein (EMP) is a heterogeneous mixture of mainly amelogenin-derived proteins produced during tooth development and has been reported to be sometimes effective in stimulating these processes, including in clinical regeneration of the periodontal ligament. However, the identity of the specific bioactive component of EMP remains unclear. In the present study we show that, while the high-molecular-weight Fraction A of enamel matrix derivative (a heat-treated form of EMP) is unable to stimulate the vasculogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells (HPC) in vitro, the low-molecular-weight Fraction C significantly up-regulates the expression of the endothelial markers VEGFR2, Tie-1, Tie-2, VE-cadherin and vWF and markedly increases the internalization of low-density lipoprotein. Furthermore, we also demonstrate, for the first time, that the synthetic homolog of the 45-amino acid tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide (TRAP) present in Fraction C is likely to be responsible for its vasculogenesis-inducing activity. Moreover, the chemically synthesized TRAP peptide is also shown here to be capable of up-regulating the angiogenic differentiation of the HPC, based on its marked stimulation of in vitro cell migration and tubule formation and of blood vessel formation assay in a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model ex vivo. This novel peptide, and modified derivatives, might thereby represent a new class of regenerative drug that has the ability to elicit new blood vessel formation and promote wound healing in vivo.     

恶性骨肿瘤新血管形成机制研究进展

骨肉瘤、Ｅｗｉｎｇ'ｓ肉瘤和软骨肉瘤等恶性骨肿瘤多为高度血管化肿瘤,严重危害青少年患者,病死率高。虽然包括手术和化疗在内的综合治疗改善了这些患者的预后,但相当一部分患者还是很快发生转移,而这正是主要的死因。恶性骨肿瘤具有多种维持和增加血供的机制,因而使得肿瘤生长及转移。本文就有关恶性骨肿瘤新血管形成的分子生物学机制方面的研究进展作一综述。     

Nitrogen mustard (Chlorambucil) has a negative influence on early vascular development

The sulphur and nitrogen mustards are strong alkylating agents, which induces inflammations of the skin including blistering right up to ulcerations. Depending on the severity, the wounds may need weeks to heal. In the past it was shown that sulphur mustard has a destructive effect on endothelial precursor cells, which have been shown to play a pivotal role in the wound healing reaction by inducing neovascularisation. However, for these alkylating agents as well as for sulphur mustard nothing is known about their effects on endothelial precursors. Therefore, we investigated and compared the influence of Chlorambucil on proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of endothelial cells in intact mouse embryoid bodies (EB). EBs were treated at different developmental stages and with different periods of Chlorambucil treatment. It was found that in each developmental stage and under each treatment period's Chlorambucil has an extremely negative effect on the vascularisation with a vessel reduction of around 99%. Of particular importance was the negative effect of treatment around day 3 of the development. On this day we found 377 vessels under control conditions but only 1.6 vessels under 24h treatment of Chlorambucil. At this point in time many endothelial precursors can be found in the EB. Moreover, a negative effect on all stem cells was evident at this point in time, shown by an extreme reduction in EB size with 17.9 mm(2) for the control and only 1.55 mm(2) under Chlorambucil treatment. This negative effect on the vascularisation, on endothelial precursors but also on stem cells in general is of possible importance for impaired wound healing.