视神经鞘脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗(附13例报道)

目的探讨视神经鞘脑膜瘤的显微神经外科手术方法。方法收治13例视神经鞘脑膜瘤，根据肿瘤位置采用3种不同经颅入路：单侧额部入路、经额经眶上缘入路及经额颧经眶上缘入路，利用显微外科技术安全显露眶上裂外侧部、眶上裂中央部切除肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切11例，部分切除2例。术后13例患者的眼球突出均恢复正常，11例其它症状和体征也恢复或改善。术后动眼神经麻痹1例，患侧眼失明2例。结论熟悉显微神经外科解剖学，利用显微外科技术选择合适的经颅入路，可以提高视神经鞘脑膜瘤的全切除率，并使颅眶区的正常结构得到最大程度的保护。     

影响吻合器痔上黏膜环切术疗效的因素及改进方法

目的探讨影响吻合器痔上黏膜环切术(PPH)疗效的因素及改进方法。方法使用美国强生一次性PPH吻合器或国产PPH吻合器对68例痔病患者进行PPH手术，在手术改进前后分别对每例黏膜环切的标本以及症状的改善进行测量及观察。结果方法改进前，标本宽度为0．5～2．6cm，术后痔核回缩率75％；方法改进后，标本宽度为3．0～3．5cm，术后痔核回缩率100％。结论影响PPH手术疗效的因素主要是肛垫的提升复位与肛垫的固定。通过改进方法克服不利因素，使环切黏膜的宽度达到要求，进而使肛垫提升复位并得以固定，痔核回缩效果满意。     

应用单针可调整缝线修复轻度上睑下垂12例报告

目的探讨应用单针可调整缝线修复轻度上睑下垂的效果。方法对2003年1月-2005年3月福州市第一医院眼科收治的12例（16眼）轻度上睑下垂患者，用单针可调整缝线进行修复，术后4天检测术眼上睑下缘高度，根据需要改变可调整缝线松紧度，并将缝线永久固定。结果所有患者术后上睑下缘高度与目标高度均相差不到1mm，随访3～26个月未见复发。结论单针可调整缝线修复轻度上睑下垂简便可行，值得推广。     

Cytoarchitectonic Basis for Safe Entry Into the Brainstem

This work is a continuation of the anatomical study in which safe approach zones through the floor of the fourth ventricle--infrafacial and suprafacial--were morphologically and morphometrically defined (Acta Neurochir (1997) 139: 1014-1019). The purpose of cytoarchitectonic study was to analyze correlation between morphometry of the facial colliculus and hypoglossal triangle and localization of the corresponding cranial nerves nuclei in the brainstem tegmentum in order to verify morphometrical borders of the previously defined zones. Morphometrical evaluation of the fourth ventricle floor of 10 examined brainstems was initially performed. Distances from obex to the rostral portion of hypoglossal triangle and facial colliculus were determined. Then a series of axial sections of each specimen, stained for Nissl substance, were analyzed to define the distance from obex to the rostral portion of the hypoglossal and abducens nuclei. Distances of motor trigeminal and facial nuclei from the midline sagittal plane were also measured. The obtained results allowed morphometrical determination of the infra-abducental and supra-abducental region of safe entry into the brainstem tegmentum. Infra-abducental region corresponds to infrafacial safe approach zone and supra-abducental to suprafacial zone. The distance of the rostral portion of facial colliculus from obex was longer than the distance of the rostral pole of abducens nucleus from obex in every examined specimen (by 0.7 mm on average). A very similar correlation between the distance of the rostral margin of hypoglossal triangle and localization of the rostral pole of hypoglossal nucleus was found. The rostral portion of hypoglossal triangle was longer by 1.5 mm on average. The obtained results show that previously defined infrafacial and suprafacial safe approach zones via the fourth ventricle floor correspond morphometrically to tegmental regions of safe entry--infra-abducental and supra-abducental respectively. It suggests that morphometrical evaluation of the fourth ventricle floor proposed by the authors could be useful in the intra-operative determination of safe entry via the rhomboid fossa into the brainstem tegmentum.     

Tentorial Meningiomas. Report on Twenty-Seven Cases

Summary ? Objective. Report our experience with 27 tentorial meningiomas (TM) surgically treated between 1985 and 1998.  Methods. The records of 27 patients with TMs were retrospectively reviewed for clinical presentation, neuroradiological evaluation, surgical treatment and long-term outcome. The extent of tumor resection was scored according to the Simpson's grading for tumor removal. Long-term results were evaluated according to the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS).  Results. The average age was 53 years. Female predominance was 74%. The most common complaints at presentation were headaches (51%), gait ataxia (33%), memory disturbances (30%) and hypo-acousia (30%). A classification of TMs into 5 subgroups according to tumor site is proposed on the basis of imaging studies. A cerebrospinal fluid shunt was established prior to direct approach in 7 patients and as the sole procedure in one inoperable patient. Twenty-seven direct approaches were undertaken in 26 patients, including 17 infratentorial and 10 supratentorial approaches. Total tumor removal was achieved in 20 patients (77%) and subtotal removal in 6 (23%). Fifteen patients (55%) experienced 22 postoperative complications. One patient died three months after a subtotal resection (mortality=3,7%). With a mean follow-up of 54 months, all 26 survivors are currently alive with 23 having resumed their normal activities and 3 needing assistance. Five of 6 patients with subtotal resection survived and were followed for a period ranging from 72 to 132 months: none showed residual tumor progression and no re-operation was considered. An additional patient experienced a ?true? recurrence 6 years after total removal, with no tumor progression 2 years after his recurrence was recognized.  Discussion. The best surgical approach to TMs is still a controversial matter. The advantages and drawbacks of conventional versus transbasal approaches are reviewed. Our experience suggests that subtotal removal can be associated with long recurrence-free intervals and preserved quality of life. TMs located at the tentorial edge carried a definitely worse prognosis than peripheral forms.     

枕下经颈-颈静脉突入路达颈静脉孔区的显微解剖研究

目的 研究一期切除颈静脉孔区复杂性肿瘤的微创手术人路。方法 选择经10％福尔马林固定成人头颈标本10具，显微镜下模拟枕下经颈一颈静脉突人路的手术操作，逐层显露颈静脉孔区，研究该区显微解剖特征及显露范围。结果 该人路直接沿乙状窦、颈内静脉的移行方向显露颈静脉孔区结构，其中后颅窝可经枕下显露，颞下窝藉寰椎与下颌升支间的自然间隙显露。通过切除颈静脉突和迷路下骨质分别自后、外、下和上方显露颈静脉孔。头侧直肌是界定颞下窝结构和枕下三角内结构的确切标志。后组颅神经，交感千和颈内动、静脉行于其前方，椎动脉寰椎上段及其周围的静脉丛行于其后方。结论 枕下经颈一颈静脉突人路可自多个方向充分显露颈静脉孔区结构，且可保护面神经、迷路、耳蜗和椎动脉等结构免受不必要的损伤。     

枕下远外侧入路解剖研究与临床应用

目的　探讨枕下远外侧入路的相关解剖研究和临床应用效果。方法　选用 2 0例成人头颅湿标本进行显微解剖测量。应用枕下远外侧入路切除枕大孔区和前外侧肿瘤 10例。结果　枕骨髁为术中重要的解剖标志 ,枕下三角为显露椎动脉的重要标志 ,枕下三角由三条肌肉形成 ,即头后大直肌、头上斜肌和头下斜肌。枕下三角内有椎动脉及肌支 ,椎静脉丛和颈 1神经。测量寰椎横突孔外缘至椎动脉入颅处距离 ,左侧 (16 .87± 2 .0 8)mm、右侧 (16 .79± 1.90 )mm。枕大孔区肿瘤 10例手术中 ,肿瘤全切 6例 ,次全切 3例 ,大部分切除 1例 ,无手术死亡。结论　枕下远外侧入路手术应了解枕大孔区的相关解剖参数和局部解剖结构 ,该入路优点能增加术野空间 ,最大程度上显露肿瘤组织 ,减少对脑干和重要血管神经牵拉。     

单层斜口吻合加盖大网膜治疗贲门癌200例临床分析

目的 探讨贲门癌的手术治疗方案。方法 1999年6月至2003年10月本科手术治疗贲门癌200例．采用单层斜口吻合加盖大网膜，对术后并发症及生活质量进行评价。结果 200例均手术治愈。吻合口瘘1例．占0．5％；吻合狭窄2例，占1％。多数患者术后生活质量良好，少数患者术后进食量减少、进食后返流及腹泻，对症治疗后好转。结论 单层斜口吻合加盖大网膜是一种有效治疗贲门癌的手术方式。     

Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in freely-moving conscious rats: behavioral approach to a new model of visceral pain

PURPOSE: To develop a model of visceral pain in rats using a behavioral approach. Cyclophosphamide (CP), an antitumoral agent known to produce toxic effects on the bladder wall through its main toxic metabolite acrolein, was used to induce cystitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CP was administered at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg./kg. i.p. to male rats, and their behavior observed and scored. The effects of morphine (0.5 to 4 mg./kg. i.v.) on CP-induced behavioral modifications were tested administered alone and after naloxone (1 mg./kg. s.c.). In addition, 90 minutes after CP injection, that is, at the time of administration of morphine, the bladder was removed in some rats for histological examination. Finally, to show that the bladder is essential for the CP-induced behavioral modifications, female rats also received CP at doses of 200 mg./kg. i.p. and of 20 mg. by the intravesical route, and acrolein at doses of 0.5 mg. by the intravesical route and of 5 mg./kg. i.v. RESULTS: CP dose-relatedly induced marked behavioral modifications in male rats: breathing rate decrease, closing of the eyes and occurrence of specific postures. Morphine dose-dependently reversed these behavioral disorders. A dose of 0.5 mg./kg. produced a reduction of almost 50% of the behavioral score induced by CP 200 mg./kg. This effect was completely prevented by pretreatment with naloxone. At the time of administration of morphine, histological modifications of the bladder wall, such as chorionic and muscle layer edema, were observed. In female rats, CP 200 mg./kg. i.p. produced the same marked behavioral modifications as those observed in male rats. Administered at the dose of 20 mg. intravesically, CP did not produce any behavioral effects, whereas acrolein at 0.5 mg. intravesically induced behavioral modifications identical to those under CP 200 mg./kg. i.p., with the same maximal levels. Conversely, acrolein 5 mg./kg. i.v. did not produce any behavioral effects at all. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results indicate that this experimental model of CP-induced cystitis may be an interesting new behavioral model of inflammatory visceral pain, allowing a better understanding of these painful syndromes and thus a better therapeutic approach to them.     

Patient Capacity in Mental Health Care: Legal Overview

The discriminatory effects of categorizing psychiatric patients into competent and incompetent, have urged lawyers, philosophers and health care professionals to seek a functional approach to capacity assessment. Dutch and English law have produced some guidelines concerning this issue. So far, most legal systems under investigation have concentrated on alternatives for informed consent by the patient in case of mental incapacity, notably substitute decision-making, intervention of a judge and advance directives. It is hard to judge the way in which the law may further adapt to a more functional assessment of capacity, because the nature of law shows that legal reforms usually take place only when new methods have been accepted by the field. This is not yet the case today.