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21.
Diseases like rotavirus afflict both upper- and lower-income countries, but most serious illnesses and deaths occur among the latter. It is a vital public health issue that vaccines for these types of global diseases can recover research and development (R&D) costs from high-priced markets quickly so that manufacturers can offer affordable prices to lower-income nations. Cost recovery depends on how high R&D costs are, and this study attempts to replace high, unverified estimates with lower, more verifiable estimates for two new vaccines, RotaTeq (Merck) and Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline or GSK), based on detailed searches of public information and follow-up interviews with senior informants. We also offer a new perspective on “cost of capital” as a claim for recovery from public bodies. Our estimates suggest that companies can recover all fixed costs quickly from affluent markets and thus can offer these vaccines to lower-income countries at prices they can afford. Better vaccines are a shared project between companies and public health agencies; greater transparency and consistency in reporting of R&D costs is needed so that fair prices can be established. 相似文献
22.
23.
Jennifer L. King Rita J. Miller James P. Blue Jr. William D. O'Brien Jr. John W. Erdman Jr. 《Nutrition Research》2009
Epidemiological studies have shown dietary magnesium (Mg) intake and serum Mg levels to be inversely correlated with the development of atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that low levels of Mg would promote atherosclerotic plaque development in rabbits. New Zealand white rabbits (4 months old, n = 22) were fed an atherogenic diet containing 0.12% (−Mg), 0.27% (control), or 0.43% (+Mg) Mg for 8 weeks. Blood samples were obtained at baseline, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks and were assayed for total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), non-HDL, triglycerides (TG), C-reactive protein, serum Mg, and erythrocyte Mg. Aortas from −Mg had significantly more plaque, with an intima thickness 42% greater than control and 36% greater than +Mg. Serum cholesterol levels rose over time, and at 8 weeks, −Mg had the highest and +Mg the lowest total and non-HDL cholesterol and TG levels, although these results did not reach significance. Over time, serum Mg levels increased, and erythrocyte Mg levels decreased. C-reactive protein significantly increased in all groups at 4 and 6 weeks but returned to baseline levels by 8 weeks. This study supports the hypothesis that inadequate intake of Mg results in an increase in atherosclerotic plaque development in rabbits. 相似文献
24.
从高原部队医院实际出发,阐述了适应新形势谋求新发展应处理好的七个关系:即继承与创新的关系;坚持“姓军为兵的服务方向与对外有偿服务的关系;基础建设与人才建设的关系;日常医疗保障与科研的关系;发挥自身特色与学习借鉴的关系;硬件建设与软件建设的关系;科技研究与成果转化的关系。 相似文献
25.
Much of the literature on research design in clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics emphasizes statistical concerns, thus suggesting that a primary ingredient of a valid research design is an appropriate plan for statistical analysis of data. However, statistical validity is only one of several ways to evaluate an experimental study. The present paper reviews the underlying logic and sources of invalidity of experimental drug research suggesting influences and factors which may deceive or lure an experimenter into erroneous conclusions. 相似文献
26.
桂枝镇痛效应的药理学研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目的 探讨桂枝的镇痛作用。方法 采用热板法和扭体法观察该药的镇痛作用。结果 桂枝对小鼠热致痛和醋酸致痛均有明显的抗痛作用 ,与颅痛定镇痛效果比较均无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) 。结论 桂枝具有镇痛效应 ,对临床应用、镇痛药开发具有借鉴和指导意义。 相似文献
27.
Maria Pothoulaki PhD Raymond MacDonald PhD Paul Flowers PhD 《The Arts in Psychotherapy》2006,33(5):446-455
This paper is part of a systematic literature review and presents methodological issues within studies, investigating therapeutic applications of music in cancer patients. This review focuses on published international research from the USA, Canada, Australia and European countries using four electronic databases: PSYCHINFO, WEB OF SCIENCE, MEDLINE and SCIENCEDIRECT. Thirty-two papers were identified and each paper was coded in terms of sample type, basic research question, research design and methodological details, results and implications for future research. This paper addresses questions related to study design and methodology. It explores and discusses the relative advantages and disadvantages of various approaches. 相似文献
28.
隐性课程是当前课程理论研究领域十分关注的课题,近年来的教育实践表明,艺术课程对促进学生的全面发展具有深刻的影响。本文论述了隐性课程的特征和构成要素,阐述了艺术隐性课程的价值功能,并提出了医学院校实现艺术隐性课程的有效措施。 相似文献
29.
米非司酮作用于兔输卵管收缩活动与Ca^2+关系的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过“结合化学分离与原子吸收分光光度法”对Ca^2 含量测定和离体输卵管肌条收缩记录方法,研究米非司酮(Ru486)对增加假孕(4d)兔输卵管平滑肌收缩频率,而不改变其收缩张力和振幅时与Ca^2 之间的关系,结果提示:(1)Ru486对输卵管分泌液和组织内Ca^2 的含量分布无明显影响;(2)Ru486具有降低细胞外液高Ca^2 浓度促Ca^2 内流,而使收缩增强的效应,且能协同Ca^2 通道阻断剂(Verapamil)抑制细胞外Ca^2 内流,而致收缩减弱的效应。 相似文献
30.
Alan G. Fraser Peter T. Buser Jeroen J. Bax Willem R. Dassen Petros Nihoyannopoulos Jürg Schwitter Juhani M. Knuuti Martin Höher Frank Bengel András Szatmári 《European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging》2006,33(8):955-959
Advances in medical imaging now make it possible to investigate any patient with cardiovascular disease using multiple methods which vary widely in their technical requirements, benefits, limitations and costs. The appropriate use of alternative tests requires their integration into joint clinical diagnostic services where experts in all methods collaborate. This statement summarises the principles that should guide developments in cardiovascular diagnostic services.This paper is published simultaneously in the European Heart Journal (2006;27:1750–1753) and in the European Journal of Echocardiography (2006;7:268–273). 相似文献