Blockade of intracranial self-stimulation by antipsychotic drugs: Failure to correlate with central alpha-noradrenergic blockade

Behavioral and pharmacological tests were performed on rats (males Wistar A.F.) maintained either during 6 weeks at 20 or 5 in a cage (40×40×17 cm) or during 6 weeks at 20 and during 8 days at 5 in cage.When compared to 5/cage-reared rats, overcrowded rats (20/cage) exhibit a lessened locomotor activity in the open field, staircase test, and Y maze; rearings, intrasession habituation, and spontaneous alternation were not altered. It seems difficult to relate this lessened locomotor activity to an enhanced emotionality level. Although overcrowded rats showed heavier adrenals, their susceptibility to restraint-induced gastric ulcers, their neophobic responses to new food, and their sensitivity to the stimulating effect of oxazepam in the Y maze were not modified.Sensitivity to amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior and to pentobarbital-induced hypnosis was found to be increased in overcrowded rats. Apomorphine-induced stereotypy and barbital sleeping time were not modified. All these data (except the fact that barbital onset of hypnosis was delayed in overcrowded rats) may suggest an altered hepatic metabolism in rats reared at 20 in a cage.In overcrowded rats an enhanced amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior was associated with a lessened locomotor activity. Moreover, after 8 days at 5 in a cage, this increased sensitivity to amphetamine (and to pentobarbital) completely disappeared, whereas locomotor activity was not fully restored. This suggests that amphetamine sensitivity is not related to the predrug activity level of the animals.

     

Reduction of morphine-withdrawal aggression by conditional social stimuli

Sixty male hooded rats were made physically dependent on morphine by steadily increasing doses of morphine sulphate. A maintenance dose of 400 mg/kg/day was reached in 10 days and was continued for 5 additional days. At the end of the 15-day period all rats were withdrawn for 72 h and aggressive responses (attacks, rearing, and vocalization) were recorded for a 60-min period. One treatment group, in which a social experience had been paired with each morphine injection, showed significantly less morphine-withdrawal aggression than rats in two other groups which either remained socially isolated throughout the addiction period, or were grouped both at the time of morphine injection and during between-injection intervals.     

Post-trial treatment with the nicotinic agonist metanicotine: Differential effects in Wistar rats with high versus low rearing activity

Laboratory rats, although identical in strain, sex, age and housing conditions, can differ considerably in behavior and physiology. When screened in an open-field, for example, Wistar rats can be assigned to subgroups, based on the measure of rearing activity (high, low rearing activity; HRA/LRA). Such rats have previously been found to differ in dopaminergic and cholinergic brain mechanisms, reactivity to cholinergic drugs, and in tests of learning and memory. Here, we asked whether HRA and LRA rats might respond differently to nicotinic treatment, when given during the consolidation of an aversive experience. Therefore, we tested them for performance in an inhibitory avoidance task where they received post-trial injections of either saline, or the nicotinic agonist metanicotine (RJR-2403, 0.017–1.7 mg/kg, i.p.). In support of previous findings, saline-treated LRA rats showed a trend for higher step-in latencies than HRA rats after shock experience. Furthermore, metanicotine was effective only in LRA rats: Compared to their respective saline-treated controls, the retention scores of LRA rats were decreased after post-trial treatment with the highest dose (1.7 mg/kg). Thus, the nicotinic agonist had an amnestic-like effect dependent on dose and subject-dependent factors (HRA/LRA). These findings are discussed with respect to possible drug actions on mnestic and non-mnestic mechanisms, and the importance of taking subject-dependent variability into account when analysing drug effects.     

Microstructural analysis of chlordiazepoxide's effects on food preference behavior in roman high-, control- and low-avoidance rats

The effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on feeding performance and on rearing activity were investigated using a food preference test in three Roman strains: Roman Low Avoidance (RLA), Roman Control Avoidance (RCA), and Roman High Avoidance (RHA). The aims of the study were to assess the responses of the three strains to a free choice of familiar and novel foods following a period of food deprivation, and to answer the important psychopharmacogenetic question of whether or not the strains would display differential responsivity to CDP challenges. No strain differences were discovered in relation to the latency to begin feeding, the response to familiar food, or the frequency of rearing in the 10 min food preference test. However, clear differences did emerge in relation to the animals' responses to novel foods. In contrast to the RCA and RHA lines, RLA rats sampled a greater variety of the available foodstuffs, and devoted a greater duration to the consumption of novel foods. Despite previous reports that under conditions of mild stress, RLA animals display greater emotionality, there was no evidence from the present study to show that RLA animals were more neophobic (a possible index of emotionality) than the other two Roman lines. Indeed, the evidence clearly suggests that RLA animals may under certain circumstances pay greater attention to novel cues. CDP treatments produced reductions in rearing, reductions in eating latency, and strongly potentiated the time devoted to feeding. Effects of CDP treatments on familiar and novel foods were dissociable. CDP at 10 mg/kg reliably increased the novel food feeding duration, an effect occurring mainly within the first 5 min of the test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Olfactory sensitivity of rats reared in an odorous or deodorized environment

Male rats were exposed from the age of 1 or 14 days to the odor of cyclohexanone for two months. Four concentrations of cyclohexanone were used, ranging from near threshold to approximately 30,000 times this level. Other rats were reared in an environment of deodorized air or in a normal rat colony. The olfactory sensitivity of all rats for cyclohexanone was determined using an air dilution olfactometer and a two-choice (odor vs air) test procedure. There were no differences in the learning rates of groups reared in different environments for the detection task and the acuity of rats for cyclohexanone was not altered by exposure to it. Howerver, rats raised in the deodorized air environment were deficient in their ability to detect cyclohexanone. These results support the earlier proposal that rats do not lose sensitivity for an odor following prolonged exposure to it whilst deprivation can lead to a decrease in olfactory sensitivity.     

强迫症患者家庭环境及父母教育方式的对照研究

目的 探讨强迫症患者家庭环境及父母教育方式的特点。方法 采用家庭环境量表中文版(FES—CV)及父母教养方式问卷(EMBU)中文版,对符合ICD—10诊断标准的31例强迫症患者进行了评定,并与35例正常者对照比较。结果①强迫症患者家庭的亲密度、情感表达及娱乐性3个分量表评分均明显低于正常对照组,而矛盾性及控制性两个分量表评分均明显高于正常对照组,差别均有显著性意义(除控制性P<0.05外,余P<0.01);②强迫症患者在父母惩罚及过分拒绝因子上评分较高,另外父亲的情感温暖因子评分较低,而过度保护因子评分较高,同正常对照组比较,差别均有显著性意义(除父母惩罚及父系过度保护P<0.05外,余P<0.01)。结论 不良的家庭环境及不当的父母教养方式在强迫症的发生发展中起着非常重要的作用。     

Childhood adversities and depression: I. Effects of early parental loss on the rearing behaviour of the remaining parent

Summary Although early parental loss and perceived rearing have both been the target of intensive research, they have rarely been linked. This study examined the effects of parental loss on the perceived parenting of the remaining caregiver. The effect of early (before age 16) experience of the father's or mother's death or separation from them for 12 months or longer on the rearing behaviour of the remaining parent was studied retrospectively among 1,329 pregnant women. Women who had experienced either death of or separation from the father reported having received less care from the mother. However, experiences of loss of the mother did not show significant effects on the perceived rearing behaviour of the father. The number of siblings was correlated with reduced paternal and maternal care and with reduced maternal overprotection. Our hypothesis that early parental loss experience would have a negative influence on parental rearing behaviour was proved only for the effects of the paternal loss. Search for other determinants may be warranted.     

父母教养方式与高师学生心理健康水平的相关研究

目的：探讨父母教学方式与高师学生心理健康的关系。方法：使用“症状自评量表（SCL－90）”、父母养育方式量表（EMBU）”筛查廊坊师范学院、唐山师范学院、保定师专二年级学生230人。结果：“从总体上看，高师学生的心理健康水平与其所感受到的情感温暖、理解有极显著的负相关（P＜0．001），而与父母的惩罚严厉、拒绝否认，过度保护有极显著的正相关（P＜0．001）。结论：不正确的父母教养方式是影响高师学生心理健康的重要因素。     

Effects of infant and adult amygdaloid lesions upon acquisition of two-way active avoidance by the adult rat: Influence of rearing conditions

When performed in the adult rat, bilateral and complete amygdalectomy resulted in a clear deficit in the acquisition of a 2-way active avoidance in a shuttle-box. When performed in the 7 day old rat pup, the same complete lesion resulted in no disruption of acquisition of the 2-way AA task by the rats when adult, irrespective of the environmental conditions in which they were reared from weaning. However, isolation-reared rats showed shorter response latencies than did group-reared rats. When the amygdaloid lesion was restricted to the centromedial area of the amygdala, operations carried out at 7 days resulted in a reliable impairment of the 2-way active avoidance in the initial phase of the acquisition, but only when the rats had been group-reared from weaning. The same lesion resulted in a reliable improvement in acquisition when the rats had been reared in isolation. In short, the degree of recovery of function with respect to 2-way AA acquisition following a bilateral amygdaloid lesion depends on the age at which the lesion is carried out (at infant or adult age), on the extent of the lesion (complete or restricted to the CM area) and on the rearing conditions (in groups or in isolation).     

父母教养方式及其一致性与学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题的关联研究

目的探讨父母教养方式及其一致性与学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题的关联。方法于2017年10-11月,采用整群抽样方法,以湖北、安徽、江苏11个城市的109所幼儿园为研究现场,将3~6岁的儿童纳入研究,共27987名,回收有效问卷(问卷均由家长或主要监护人填写完成)27200份。采用“长处和困难问卷”和“父母行为量表”收集学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题并对父母教养方式进行评定,并分析不同特征的学龄前儿童情绪和行为异常率的差异;以学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题为因变量,以父母支持/参与和强制/敌意为自变量,采用多因素logistic回归模型分析学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题与父母教养方式及其一致性的关联。结果27200名研究对象的年龄为(4.35±0.96)岁,男性13975名(51.4%),城市儿童24634名(90.6%),独生子女17916名(65.9%)。父母双方支持/参与均高占14.9%,均低11.9%;父母双方强制/敌意均高占15.2%,均低11.3%。学龄前儿童情绪症状、品行行为、多动行为、同伴交往、困难总分、亲社会行为异常率分别为9.5%、9.5%、18.2%、24.5%、11.2%和10.2%。多因素logistic回归模型分析显示,调整性别、独生子女、居住地区、家庭经济状况、母亲年龄和文化程度、父亲文化程度等因素后,与父亲/母亲高支持/参与、低强制/敌意的学龄前儿童相比,父亲/母亲低支持/参与和高强制/敌意者情绪症状、品行行为、多动行为、同伴交往、困难总分和亲社会行为出现异常的风险较高(P值均<0.05);与父母双方均高支持/参与、均低强制/敌意的学龄前儿童相比,父母双方均低支持/参与和均高强制/敌意者情绪症状、品行行为、多动行为、同伴交往、困难总分和亲社会行为出现异常的风险较高(P值均<0.05)。结论父母教养方式及其一致性与学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题相关。