84名小学高年级学生父母教养方式调查

目的考察小学高年级学生父母教养方式的影响因素。方法运用包含《父母养育方式评价量表》和了解学生自然情况的调查问卷，对南京市2所小学的84名高年级学生进行调查。结果母亲在教养子女过程中扮演重要角色，不同职业和文化程度的父母对小学高年级学生的教养方式有所不同，小学高年级的女生更加受到母亲的过分保护；城市与乡村相比，小学高年级学生的母亲在教养子女的过程中表现出更多的情感温暖。结论父母的职业和文化程度及子女性别影响其对小学高年级学生的教养方式，母亲在教养小学高年级学生中发挥重要作用。     

Sex-dependent biological changes following prenatal nicotine exposure in the rat

Nicotine was administered to adult female rats in drinking water starting 6 weeks before mating and continuing throughout pregnancy. The litters were cross-fostered to control dams at birth. Prenatal nicotine treatment reduced both the number of male rats born and the male birth weight. Female offspring were not significantly affected. Rearing activity was reduced in male but not female offspring either when tested over a 24 hour period in a home cage environment or during a 10 minute exposure in an open field. Horizontal locomotor activity was reduced only during the first 5 minutes in the open field and again the effect was found only in the males. Baseline plasma corticosterone levels were reduced in both male and female offspring but there was no effect on stress-elevated corticosterone levels.     

Evidence of cross-tolerance between behavioural effects of nicotine and cocaine in mice

Rationale. Studies have reported that chronic exposure to nicotine does not alter the effects of cocaine on locomotor activity, and vice versa. However, the apparent lack of effect of one drug on the behavioural response to the other may be due to an exclusive focus on locomotor activity as the target behaviour. Objective. To test whether repeated pretreatment with nicotine causes tolerance or sensitization to cocaine's effects on diverse behaviours: locomotion, rearing, grooming, and immobility. Similarly, the effects of repeated cocaine treatment on the acute response to nicotine were also tested. Methods. Mice were pretreated with 14 injections of nicotine (0.3 mg/kg), cocaine (5 mg/kg) or saline, the injections being given once daily, except for three breaks of two days each. Two days after the final pretreatment injection, mice were given a challenge injection of saline, cocaine (3 or 5 mg/kg) or nicotine (0.3 or 1 mg/kg), and observed in a large test cage for 40 min using a time-sampling procedure. Results. Repeated administration of either drug produced some tolerance to subsequent challenge with the same dose of the drug. Prior nicotine exposure significantly attenuated cocaine-induced decreases in grooming and increases in rearing, but did not significantly affect other behaviours. In contrast, prior cocaine exposure failed to alter nicotine's effects on any behaviour. Conclusions. Cross-tolerance between nicotine and cocaine (but not vice-versa) can be demonstrated if several behaviours are observed; measures of locomotor activity are less sensitive to the effect. The asymmetrical pattern of cross-tolerance may be due to differential inhibition of dopamine uptake by the two drugs. Electronic Publication     

Dissociation de deux composantes du comportement chez le rat sous l'effet de psychotropes

The staircase is a simple and rapid test and was used to study two components of exploratory behaviour in the rat. The scores of rearing and the number of steps climbed during three minutes were recorded.Various psychotropic drugs were tested, which modified these two parameters. Neuroleptic induced a parallel decrease of both, while benzodiazepines, meprobamate, amobarbitone and ethanol decreased the rearing at doses which left the steps climbed unchanged. At high doses, there was a parallel decrease of both parameters. Amphetamine, at lower doses, increased the rearing score alone.The comparison of the studied psychotropic drug effects with those of two muscle relaxants (by a comparison of the slopes of regression lines) suggests that either the observed benzodiazepine effects were only partly due to their myorelaxant action, or, that both myorelaxants have some anxiolytic action.The effect of amphetamine at low doses can be viewed as a demonstration of increased anxiety.

Ce travail a bénéficié d'une subvention de la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale FranÇaise.     

Cholinergic modulation of an opposed effect of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate on the rearing response

Rats given d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg) engage in frequent, short-duration rearing responses, whereas rats given methylphenidate (1 mg/kg) make less frequent, long-duration responses. The effects on this behavior of mixing d-amphetamine or methylphenidate with scopolamine or physostigmine suggest that this opposed action on rearing response duration is related to cholinergic-catecholaminergic balance. The anticholinergic agent scopolamine produces changes in rearing response duration similar to those produced by d-amphetamine, while the cholinergic agent physostigmine lengthens response duration and further potentiates this effect of methylphenidate.     

Sources of variation in locomotor activity and stereotypy in rats treated with d-amphetamine

Rats injected with doses of d-amphetamine 0–5.0 mg/kg were observed continuously in either an enclosed Y-maze or on an elevated Y-shaped platform. Patterns of increased walking and stereotypy were unaffected by the type of apparatus, but rearing remained totally suppressed at all dose levels on the elevated platform. In the second experiment, groups of rats where given single short tests in the enclosed Y-maze, which was novel to them. The stimulant actions of d-amphetamine on locomotion were obscured by high baseline levels of motor activity induced by the novel environment. Continuous measurements of habituated rats may provide a more sensitive means of evaluating stimulant actions of drugs in screening tests. The observed changes in patterns of onset and offset of increased locomotion and of stereotypy were consistent with the view that these types of behaviour are, to some extent, independently, mediated.     

Stress, behavioral arousal, and open field activity—A reexamination of emotionality in the rat

The effects of stress upon emotionality, and of emotionality upon the open field activity of rats have now been studied for over four decades. Controversy remains however regarding the degree to which stress alters behavior, and the direction of that change. One reason for this is the absence of an adequate behavioral definition of stress. The present series of experiments demonstrates a standard relatively nontraumatic stress induction procedure which may be used in conjunction with open field testing. Pre-exposure to moderately intense light and white noise facilitated open field activity as measured by initial activity, lowered defecation scores, and supplementary measures (rearing, grooming, center field penetration). Further parametric, psychoendocrine, and pharmacological studies characterized the nature of the facilitation, its time course, and its modification by other manipulations. Our results suggest the initial behavioral response to stress in an open field is activation. Previous studies may have differed in their results relating stress and behavior because of subtle procedural distinctions, some of which may be identified using the present technique.     

Chlordiazepoxide effects on reactions to novelty and activity with and without prior drug experience

Reactions to novelty, rearing and ambulation were observed in rats following saline or chlordiazepoxide injections either with or without prior drug experience. Drug suppression of the former two response was evident but there was no indication of prior drug experience being effective. However, experience appeared to negate the compound's depressant effect on ambulation shown by inexperienced subjects. It was concluded that inhibitory influences of chlordiazepoxide on reactions to novelty and rearing can not be ascribed to the aversive effects of a novel drug state.This work was supported by University of Canterbury Research Grant No. C71/52.     

母亲的依恋类型与教养方式的相关性研究

目的 探讨母亲的依恋类型与教养方式之问的关系。方法采用两种成人依恋测量问卷关系问卷（RQ），和亲密关系经历调查表（ECR），以及改编过的父母教养方式量表，对小学五年级246名在校学生的母亲进行测评，分别测量她们的依恋方式及对儿童的教养方式。结果方差分析显示不同依恋类型的母亲在养育方式中的“拒绝和否认”、“过分干涉”指标上差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。依恋回避与母亲的“温暖和理解”、“拒绝和否认”、“过分干涉”的教养方式有较强的相关（r=0．222-0．315），依恋焦虑则与“惩罚和严厉”、“拒绝和否认”以及“偏爱孩子”有显著性相关（r=0．167-0．213）。结论安全型依恋的母在依恋回避和依恋焦虑的得分均较低，能给予孩子更多的温暖和理解，而不安全型的依恋与不良的教养方式相联系。