Serenics fluprazine (DU 27716) and eltoprazine (DU 28853) enhance neophobic and emotional behaviour in mice

Two tests designed to elicit responses to novelty and to aversive stimuli were used to study the effects of the serenics fluprazine and eltoprazine on the behaviour of male Swiss mice: a free exploratory test (fluprazine: 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg; eltoprazine: 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg) and a two-box choice procedure (fluprazine: 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg; eltoprazine: 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg). Both drugs increased the neophobic reaction, as well as the avoidance of a brightly illuminated box. These effects closely resemble those of psychostimulant drugs such as methamphetamine and caffeine. It is hypothesized that the behavioural changes induced by these drugs may be due to a nonspecific increase of the emotional reactivity of animals.     

Interaction of arena size with different measures of amphetamine effects

The effects of d-amphetamine (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) on feeding and activity of male Holtzman rats were investigated in 3 different size test arenas. Differences in the size of arenas significantly altered the drug's effect on ambulatory activity, but not on feeding or rearing. Also, differences in the size of arenas significantly altered the interrelationship (correlation) of amphetamine's effects on feeding and ambulatory activity, but not the interrelationship of the drug's effects on feeding and rearing. These findings suggest that test arena size differentially influences different general measures of amphetamine effects as well as differentially affecting the interrelationship of amphetamine effects. The importance of the interrelationship (correlation) data to the potential incompatability of the drug's effects is briefly considered.     

Observational analysis of the effects of kappa opioid agonists on open field behaviour in the rat

An observational analysis of the effects of four kappa-opioid agonists on forward locomotion, rearing and grooming displayed by rats in a novel open field was undertaken. The doses of agonists used corresponded to those previously found to produce changes in food consumption. Ethylketocyclazocine (0.1 and 1 mg/kg), bremazocine (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) and tifluadom (0.3 and 3 mg/kg) exerted suppressant effects on all the activities monitored. Grooming behaviour appeared to be particularly sensitive to this action, being virtually abolished by the larger doses of these compounds. In contrast, the selective kappa agonist U-50,488H (0.1–3 mg/kg) only attenuated grooming at the two highest doses tested (1 and 3 mg/kg). None of the agonists tested produced stimulation of open field activity during the 1-h study. Reductions in activity occurred at doses previously found to increase and decrease food intake. It was therefore concluded that the hyperphagia induced by kappa agonists was not part of a more general behavioural activation, whilst reductions in food consumption probably result from a non-specific behavioural depression. Offprint requests to: S.J. Cooper     

Local application of beta-phenylethylamine to the caudate nucleus of the rat elicits locomotor stimulation

The behavioural effects of bilateral injections of beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) into the caudate nucleus of male rats were examined. PEA in doses of 200 and 300 micrograms increased locomotion with maximal stimulation being evident 15-25 min after injection. In addition 300 micrograms PEA increased rearing 20-25 min post injection and produced increases in sniffing. This is the first report of a behavioural stimulant effect of intracranially administered PEA without concurrent monoamine oxidase inhibition. The data suggest that the stimulant action of systemically administered PEA may be mediated, at least in part, by striatal mechanisms.     

The effects of some central nervous system stimulant and depressant drugs on rearing activity in rats

Summary Male and female rats of Reactive and Non-Reactive strains were injected with either 0.8 mg/kg dose of nicotine bitartrate, 1.0 mg/kg dose of picrotoxin, 10.00 mg/kg dose of penterbarbital sodium or distilled water before each daily trial. Nicotine and picrotoxin facilitated rearing activity whereas pentobarbital sodium inhibited it. The Non-Reactive rats feared more than the Reactive animal. Male rats were found to have higher rearing scores than the females.The experimental work was done at the Institute of Psychiatry, London, under the supervision of Dr. H. C. Holland.     

初中生教养方式、社会支持与网络成瘾的关系

目的探讨初中生父母教养方式、社会支持与网络成瘾的关系。方法采用网络成瘾诊断量表、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、社会支持量表(SRSS)对348名初中生进行调查。结果网络成瘾者32名,成瘾率9.20%。其中男生成瘾率(12.58%)明显高于女生成瘾率(6.35%)。成瘾组与非成瘾组父母教养方式量表及社会支持量表评分均呈显著差异(t=2.71,P0.01)。结论拒绝、否认、缺少温情的父母教养方式,社会支持及利用度降低与网络成瘾有关。     

父亲早期教养方式与儿童口腔不良习惯关联研究

目的 分析父亲教养方式对学龄前儿童口腔不良习惯的影响,为学龄前儿童口腔不良习惯的干预提供参考。方法 采取整群抽样方法,应用自编调查问卷、父母行为量表（PBI）及儿童口腔不良习惯问卷对芜湖市2 201名学龄前儿童的父母或主要监护人进行调查,应用卡方分割法进行不同组别学龄前儿童口腔不良习惯问题的比较,应用 logistic回归模型探讨父亲不同的教养方式与学龄前儿童口腔不良习惯的相关性。结果 芜湖市学龄前儿童口腔不良习惯总检出率为35.4%,男童的检出率（37.7%）高于女童的检出率（32.9%）,差异具有显著性（χ2 = 5.45,P = 0.02）。logistic回归分析结果显示,父亲敌意强制程度高的教养方式能显著增加学龄前儿童吸吮手指（OR = 2.73 95%CI = 1.39～533）、喜爱吐舌、伸舌（OR = 4.25 95%CI = 1.54～11.71）、咬嘴唇（OR = 2.45 95%CI = 1.22～4.96）、咬指甲、玩具（OR = 1.75 95%CI = 1.03～2.96）、侧边咀嚼（OR = 3.93 95%CI = 1.57～9.86 ）、夜间磨牙（OR = 3.93 95%CI = 1.57～9.86 ）、不良姿势（OR = 4.23 95%CI = 1.69～10.63）等口腔不良习惯的发生风险。结论 父亲教养方式与学龄前儿童口腔不良习惯存在相关。     

高中生的父母养育方式、同伴关系与其自我概念的关系研究

目的 对高中生自我概念与父母养育方式、同伴关系的关系进行研究。方法 采用WJZ心理测验中的自我概念量表(SCT)，岳冬梅等人修订的父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)，以及以同伴提名形式的社会测量法对258名高中生进行了调查。结果 高中生父母的过度保护，拒绝否认，过分干涉与其自我概念有显著正相关，消极提名的同伴关系指标与自我概念呈负相关；父亲的过度保护与消极提名的同伴关系指标对大部分的自我概念因子有显著预测力。结论 高中生的父母养育方式的部分因子与同伴关系对自我概念有一定影响。     

青少年心理疾病与家庭养育方式的关系

在青少年的成长过程中 ,家庭的养育方式不当是青少年心理疾病发生的重要原因。临床实践和研究证明 ,青少年的人格、情绪特点、行为方式与其家庭养育方式密切相关 ,[3] 父母的受教育程度和行为方式直接影响着青少年的人格形成。国内以往的研究多数以健康人群为对象 ,考察心理健康与养育方式的关系[1- 3] ,发现家庭养育方式与心理健康有密切关系。本研究以临床确诊的心理障碍患者为对象 ,考察家庭养育方式对青少年心理健康的影响。1　对象和方法1.1　对象对烟台市心理康复医院收治的 4 0名心理障碍患者均为青少年 ,其中包括焦虑性神经症 12名 …     

Central effects of urotensin-II following ICV administration in rats

RATIONALE: Urotensin-II (U-II) has recently been identified as an agonist for the G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR14. Detection of both U-II and GPR14 mRNA in the brain and spinal cord is consistent with a role for U-II in the CNS. However, the effects of central administration of U-II in rodents have not been reported previously. OBJECTIVES: To determine the localisation of GPR14 mRNA in rat tissues and to investigate the behavioural and endocrine effects of human U-II (hU-II) following intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration in rats. METHODS: Experiments were carried out in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Expression of GPR14 mRNA in rat brain was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Effects of hU-II on general behaviours were assessed by an observer and the motor activity response was measured by an automated activity monitor. Plasma hormones and [DOPAC + HVA]/[DA] and [5-HIAA]/[5-HT] ratios in five brain areas were measured 20 min post-hU-II (ICV). RESULTS: GPR14 mRNA expression was found in whole brain tissue and in all CNS regions tested. GPR14 mRNA expression was also detected in the periphery; highest levels were found in the heart. Following ICV administration, hU-II (3-10 micrograms ICV) increased rearing and grooming, and increased motor activity in a familiar environment. Further, hU-II increased plasma prolactin and TSH but did not affect levels of corticosterone. hU-II had no effects on dopamine or 5-HT levels or their metabolites in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum and nucleus accumbens. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide further insight into the distribution of GPR14 mRNA within the CNS and show for the first time that hU-II causes marked behavioural and endocrine effects.