试验用白纹伊蚊室内标准养殖技术研究

目的规范试验用白纹伊蚊的标准化养殖方法,从而获得品质一致的标准化试虫,为驱、灭蚊药物登记试验提供科学、可靠的试验素材,保证登记试验的生物测定效果质量,为科学合理评价驱、灭蚊药物提供技术保证。方法通过规范白纹伊蚊的养殖条件、饲料质量、饲养技术,以羽化后第3天雌性成蚊体重为评价指标,验证3批次及多区域养殖技术的可靠性。结果标准化养殖3批次白纹伊蚊平均体重测定结果表明,3种幼虫养殖配方均可成功养殖出合格的白纹伊蚊,且重复性好,最低质量组相对偏差为8.28%;不同实验室标准化养殖白纹伊蚊平均体重指标测定结果表明,3种配方在不同地区均适用,最低质量组相对偏差为7.69%。结论使用该养殖技术,不同地区均可成功养殖出供药物效果测定试验用均一体重的白纹伊蚊,且重复性好。     

Rearing conditions have long-term consequences for stress responsiveness in free-living great tits

In captivity, the adrenocortical stress response can be permanently altered by events that occur during early life. Free-living animals have rarely been examined in this regard. To examine whether early-life events impact the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the natural setting, we evaluated the stress response of free-living interspecifically cross-fostered great tits (Parus major). Cross-fostered birds may show a long-term potentiation of the adrenocortical stress response because species-specific nutritional requirements may not be met in the nest and/or cross-fostered birds may experience psychosocial stress while being raised by heterospecifics. Nevertheless, we hypothesized that in the natural setting, programmed changes in HPA function would be eclipsed by reactive responses to the immediate environment. Thus, we predicted that adult cross-fostered great tits and controls would show no differences in their adrenocortical stress response. Contrary to predictions, we found that stress responsiveness (i.e., the rate of the corticosterone increase associated with capture and handling) was significantly higher in cross-fostered great tits than in controls. Further, stress responsiveness was not significantly different between mature adults and first-year juveniles. Thus, data indicate significant effects of early rearing conditions on adrenocortical reactivity in the natural setting and also suggest that effects of rearing conditions in free-living animals can last into adulthood.     

Drinking water as an iron carrier to control anemia in preschool children in a day-care center.

Several foods have been used as iron (Fe) carriers to fight widespread global Fe deficiency and anemia. This paper describes the longitudinal effect of Fe-fortified drinking water given to a group of Brazilian preschool children.

The experimental design included 31 preschool children who attended a day-care institution. Hemoglobin and serum ferritin were the blood parameters used to check the Fe status. Fe++ sulfate (20 mg Fe/L) was added daily to their drinking water container and measurements were obtained before the addition, 4 and 8 months later.

The number of Fe-deficient children decreased drastically after they started drinking the Fe-enriched water. Mean hemoglobin values increased from 10.6 to 13.7 g/dL and serum ferritin from 13.7 to 25.6 micrograms/L. There were no problems related to the salt addition or to the children drinking the Fe-enriched water.

Fe-enriched drinking water was shown to be a practical alternative to supply Fe to children attending a day-care institution.     

Children's Rights, Parents' Prerogatives, and Society's Obligations

The thesis of this article is that parents do not need specifically defined rights. They have prerogatives that flow from the right of their children to nurturing and protective parenting. The idea of individual rights springs from the vulnerability of human beings in the face of stronger forces. The most vulnerable individuals are children. For this reason, human rights ought to begin with the rights of children in our society and in their families. This article discusses individual rights, society's expectations of parents and children, parental prerogatives and liabilities, parenthood as a developmental stage in the life cycle, parenthood as the foundation of society, and society's obligation to support parenthood.     

Long-Term Effect of Postnatal Alcohol Exposure on the Number of Cells in the Neocortex of the Rat: A Stereological Study

Behavioral and morphological studies suggest that exposure to alcohol during development may cause damage in the neocortex. In this study, rat pups were exposed to alcohol during the brain growth spurt and examined at adulthood to ascertain the long-term effect of alcohol exposure on the neocortex. Four-day-old rat pups were surgically implanted with an intragastric cannula while under ether anesthesia and artificially reared from postnatal day (PN) 4 through PN11. Two of the consecutive 12 daily feeds contained either alcohol (4.5 g/kg; alcohol-exposed) or an isocaloric maltose/dextrin solution (gastrostomy control) from PN4 through PN9. On PN115, animals were perfused intracardially and the brains removed. Unbiased stereological methods were used to determine the neocortical volume, the total number of neurons and glial cells in the entire neocortex and in layer V, and the mean cell volume of neurons or mean nuclear volume of glial cells in layer V. No effect of alcohol was seen in the neuronal population on either cell number or mean cell volume, nor was there any difference in the total number or mean nuclear volume of glial cells in layer V. These findings suggest that neither the entire neocortex nor layer V alone are vulnerable to permanent alcohol-induced cell death.     

Immunohistochemical and behaviour pharmacological analysis of rats inoculated intranasally with vesicular stomatitis virus

A temperature-sensitive mutant of vesicular stomatitis virus was inoculated intranasally into infant Sprague Dawley rats aged 9 to 17 days. Rats receiving the virus at 9 days of age had an extensive spread of infection throughout the brain and the animals died after a few days. Rats inoculated at day 11 postnatally survived and the infection was limited to the olfactory pathways, hypothalamus, diagonal bands and the anterior raphe nuclei. Stereological measurements showed that the volume of infected neurons constituted 67 ± 10% of the total neuronal volume in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Double-labelling experiments revealed that both 5-hydroxytryptamine- and substance P-immunoreactive neurons contained the virus antigen. The motor stimulant effect of amphetamine was studied at 3 months post infection. The increase in amphetamine-induced frequency and duration of rearing was significantly attenuated in infected rats and the amphetamine-induced locomotion was slightly reduced.     

Intraaccumbens injections of substance P, morphine and amphetamine: effects on conditioned place preference and behavioral activity

The nucleus accumbens of the rat plays a critical role in behavioral activation and appetitive motivation. Within the nucleus accumbens, the shell subarea may be especially relevant, since this site is anatomically related to other brain areas that are considered to play a critical role in the processing of motivation. We investigated the behavioral effects of local drug treatments aimed at the shell of the nucleus accumbens and tested the indirect dopamine agonist -amphetamine, the opiate agonist morphine, and the neurokinin substance P. These substances are known to exert positive reinforcing effects, and can affect behavioral activity; effects that are physiologically closely related to the nucleus accumbens and its inputs and outputs. Our results show that unilateral microinjections of amphetamine (1.0 μg, 10.0 μg) into the shell of the nucleus accumbens dose-dependently stimulated behavioral activity (locomotion, rears, sniffing), and led to conditioned place preference. Furthermore, the effect of amphetamine on place preference was negatively related to the psychomotor stimulant action on rears. Morphine injections (5.0 μg) also stimulated behavioral activity and elicited contraversive turning, but were ineffective with respect to place preference. Finally, the neuropeptide substance P, injected in a dose range of 0.1–10.0 ng, had no significant behavioral effects. These findings are discussed with respect to the role of dopaminergic, peptidergic and cholinergic mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens. It is suggested that dopamine, opiates, and neurokinins in the shell of the nucleus accumbens are differentially involved in mediating behavioral activity and appetitive motivation.     

实验室内白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊养殖方法

通过对实验室内蚊虫饲养器具的设计和饲养条件、方法的优化组合,在室内成功饲养白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊,根据文献报道方法和平时饲养心得总结形成了一套较为高效、经济和实用的白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊养殖方法。     

广州市大学生人格特征、教养方式与人际信任的相关研究

目的 了解当前广州市大学生的人际信任状况,针对若干影响人际信任因素进行相关探讨.方法 本研究所用的问卷由人际信任量表(ITS)、家庭教养方式量表及艾森克人格问卷组合而成,选取233名大学生进行施测.结果 1广州市大学生人际信任略高于理论中间值;2城乡大学生总体信任存在显著差异(t=1.971,P=0.047),总体信任的性别差异以及独生与非独生个体之间的差异不显著(t=1.284,P=0.224;t=0.676,P=0.543);③总体人际信任水平与家庭教养方式各因子(P＜0.01)、人格特征各维度之间均存在显著相关(P＜0.01).结论 加强大学生自身心理素质,各高校应该举行有助于提高人际信任的活动和加强对学生的心理健康教育,对进一步提高人际信任有帮助.