National prescribing practices of adolescent psychiatrists for psychotropic medications in outpatient care in Finland

A possible link between experiences of dysfunctional parental rearing and late behavioural outcomes could consist of the development of dysfunctional assumptions about self and others in relationship. This hypothesis has previously been addressed in psychiatric patients. Accordingly, the confounding influence of mental status on the endorsement of dysfunctional assumptions cannot be wholly excluded. The present study, in which a community sample of 233 subjects was enrolled, was planned to contribute to clarifying this issue. Subjects completed the EMBU to assess perceptions of parental rearing and two measures of dysfunctional assumptions, or dysfunctional working models: the DAS and the DWM-S. It was predicted that experiences of caring parental rearing would be negatively correlated with scores on both the DAS and the DWM-S. Conversely, it was predicted that experiences of dysfunctional parenting would be positively correlated with scores on the two scales. Both predictions were supported by the results. Perceptions of dysfunctional maternal rearing contribute most to high scores both on the DAS and the DWM-S.     

The health care system for female workers and its current status in Japan

In this paper we describe female workers' health care, the women's and maternal protection system within the Japanese legal system, the current status of female workers in Japan, and problems regarding methods of advancing health care and the women's or maternal protection system. Motherhood is respected in the workplace in Japan, and in order to provide an environment in which women can work and still bear and rear children with a sense of security, laws concerning maternal protection of female workers, and revisions in terms of the system have been made, and a new system has been in effect since the fiscal year of 1998. Nevertheless, gender discrimination against women and the disparagement of women, rooted in gender role stereotypes concerning the division of labor, remain firmly planted in the social environment and in long-established custom. Received: 20 February 2000 / Accepted: 10 June 2000     

抑郁障碍青少年父母养育方式、应对方式归因风格及其相关性研究

目的探讨抑郁障碍青少年父母养育方式、应对方式、归因风格及其相关性。方法连续收集64例门诊及住院抑郁障碍青少年患者,采用自编社会人口学资料表、父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)、儿童归因风格问卷(CASQ)、应对方式问卷对其进行相应测查,并同时对125例正常对照青少年进行测查。结果与正常青少年相比,抑郁障碍青少年父母亲温暖理解[父亲(42.31±8.22)分;母亲(43.63±10.39)分]、惩罚严厉[父亲(20.13±6.26)分;母亲(15.75±6.17)分]和拒绝否认[父亲(12.81±4.50)分;母亲(18.56±5.68)分]因子得分均差异有显著性,应对方式中自责(0.59±0.29)、求助(0.51±0.19)、幻想(0.70±0.18)及退避(0.60±0.19)因子差异有显著性,归因风格(25.69±5.65)亦差异有显著性。与应对方式和归因风格相关的养育方式有父亲过干涉、母亲温暖理解和母亲拒绝否认。结论抑郁障碍青少年存在消极应对和悲观归因,不良养育方式可能与其有关。     

滩涂贝类养殖环境中细菌生态分布的初步研究

目的:研究宁波市北仑区贝类养殖滩涂中异养细菌、反硝化细菌、氨化细菌和硫酸还原菌的数量分布及异养细菌的菌群组成。方法:异养细菌的计数采用平板菌落计数法;反硝化细菌、氨化细菌和硫酸还原菌的计数采用MPN法;并参照O liver提供的海洋细菌鉴定检索图、《海洋调查规范》和《一般细菌常用鉴定方法》提供的图式将分离到的细菌鉴定至属。结果:滩涂中异养细菌的数量分布在7.40×102~5.41×104cfu/g之间;反硝化细菌的数量波动在3.00×102~1.90×105个/g之间;氨化细菌的数量波动在在5.00×105~9.00×107个/g之间;硫酸还原菌的数量波动在5.00×104~5.00×106个/g之间。温度对异养细菌和这3种特殊生理类群的数量分布并没有直接的影响。所分离的细菌经过鉴定可归于一个科与16个属,其中梭状芽孢杆菌属(C lostridium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudom onas)和肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)的部分属等为优势菌属。滩涂表层和底层的菌群组成基本一致,只是在百分含量上略有差异。结论:经过多年不间歇的养殖后,北仑滩涂环境已经开始恶化,应尽快调整养殖容量并对养殖环境进行重新布局。     

Effects of rearing environments upon sleep-waking parameters in rats

Effects of environmentally different rearing conditions upon sleep-waking parameters were studied in Long-Evans hooded rats. Male littermates were assigned to enriched (EC), standard colony (SC) and impoverished conditions (IC) at 50–60 days old and kept under each condition for 30–50 days. Polygraphic recordings revealed that the ratio of arousal time to total recording time (%Ar) decreased, and that percent slow wave sleep (%SS), percent paradoxical sleep (%PS) and mean PS duration increased significantly in EC animals compared to SC and IC groups during the night (18.00–06.00 hr). The ratio of PS to total sleep time (PS/TS) was similar in the three groups. The EC changes disappeared during the day (06.00–18.00 hr) in all items studied except for the mean PS duration. The EC-IC difference was found to be mainly due to EC and not to IC.     

The interaction of post-weaning housing conditions and prenatal drug effects on behaviour

Offspring of rats given oral doses of imipramine (5 mg/kg) from 14–21 days prior to mating till parturition or vitamin-A (100000 i.u./kg) between days 8 and 10 of gestation were reared, after weaning, in deprived or enriched environments. When tested in both a Henderson-type maze and a swimming maze no behavioural effects due to prenatal drug exposure were observed when the Ss were reared in a deprived environment. When the Ss were reared in an enriched environment the maze performance of those animals which had been exposed to imipramine or vitamin-A was significantly inferior to that of the control animals. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to environmental interaction with prenatal drug effects on behaviour.     

中学生自我效能感、父母养育方式与成绩的关系

目的探讨中学生自我效能感和父母教养方式对学业成绩的影响。方法采用父母养育方式评价量表、一般自我效能感量表、学业自我效能感量表和自我调节学习效能感量表对1460名中学生进行调查。结果1父母教养方式方面,在父亲惩罚严厉、父亲过分干涉、父亲总分以及母亲过分干涉保护维度上存在显著的性别差异;在父亲教养方式总分上存在显著的年级差异;2自我效能感方面,在一般自我效能感维度上存在显著性别差异,在自我效能感总分上存在显著的年级差异;3学业自我效能感、一般自我效能感、父亲过分干涉、母亲温情理解和母亲惩罚严厉能够显著预测学业成绩。结论自我效能感对中学生学业成绩有显著影响,父母教养方式也显著影响学业成绩。     

Cardiovascular regulation during upright standing behavior in conscious rats

Although rats often show an upright standing behavior the cardiovascular response during the behavior has not yet been fully clarified. In this study we quantified the activity of upright standing behavior in rats using infrared beam detectors and measured cardiovascular variables during the behavior. Rats demonstrated a high level of upright standing activity as they showed the upright posture more than 500 times per day at 10 weeks of age. The average upright standing duration time was less than 10s. Arterial pressure slightly decreased while heart rate increased in response to the behavior and these responses were not affected by sino-aortic denervation. Our results indicate that other mechanisms such as the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex may completely compensate the lack of the baroreceptor reflex to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis in response to acute positional changes in rats. Moreover rats demonstrate complex integrative mechanisms maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis against the upright standing behavior which frequently occurs in rats.     

Behavioural characterisation of rats exposed neonatally to bisphenol-A: responses to a novel environment and to methylphenidate challenge in a putative model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Neonatal exposure of rats to bisphenol-A, an endocrine disruptor, has recently been proposed as a possible animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), because such rats exhibit motor hyperactivity. To strengthen the face validity of this animal model, the present study replicated the original experiments and additionally analysed both changes in habituation to a novel environment and behavioural responses to methylphenidate, the two phenomena known to be altered in ADHD. Single intracisternal administration of bisphenol-A (20 and 40 microg) into 5-day-old male Wistar rats impaired habituation to a novel environment in the light, but not the dark, phase at 4 weeks of age. Thus, habituation as assessed by time-dependent decrease of locomotor activity, rearing, sniffing and grooming was significantly reduced in bisphenol-A-pretreated rats. Methylphenidate (1 and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently enhanced locomotor activity in both vehicle-pretreated and bisphenol-A-pretreated rats during both the dark and the light phases. Thus, the effects of methylphenidate did not differ between bisphenol-A-pretreated and vehicle-pretreated rats. Apart from a slight methylphenidate-induced increase in rearing and sniffing in bisphenol-A (20 microg)-pretreated rats, the overall effects of methylphenidate on rearing, sniffing and grooming were similar in both vehicle- and bisphenol-A-pretreated rats. It is concluded that neonatal exposure of rats to bisphenol-A is an animal model with limited face validity for ADHD, because the motor hyperactivity and reduced habituation to a novel environment are not accompanied by altered responses to methylphenidate.