Cotinine excretion (tobacco smoke biomarker) of smokers and non-smokers: comparison of GC/MS and RIA results

With a validated GC/MS method, the tobacco smoke biomarker cotinine has been estimated in urine for 148 non-smokers (male; 43±13 years; median 5.0 μg/g creatinine; 95^th percentile 104 μg/g) and 96 smokers (male; 39±12 years; 1002 μg/g; 2993 μg/g). For a subgroup of 50 persons, the GC/MS results were compared with those by a commercially available radio immunoassay. Both methods identified the same persons as non-smokers and smokers, respectively, and were closely related. For smokers, the relationship was distinctly closer than for the non-smokers (r=0.90, p<0.001, n=14 vs. r=0.41, p<0.02, n=36). The RIA values were 2.4times (smokers) and 2.9times (non-smokers) higher than the GC/MS results. This was probably caused by the cross reactivity of the RIA antibodies against other urinary nicotine metabolites, e.g. trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, and has to be taken into account to correctly compare results of studies obtained with different analytical techniques and for choosing cut-off points to discriminate between active smokers and non-smokers or between non-smokers with higher or lower exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.     

The isolation of the γ subunit of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and its use in a radioimmunoassay for HbF

A method is described for the purification, from fetal hemoglobin (HbF), of the fetal specific globin chain (γ chain) in its native state. In the absence of α chain (the globin chain common to all adult human hemoglobins) γ chain, when used as an immunogen, is able to express its unique antigenicity. Here, a specific, high titer antiserum raised against γ chain has been used to establish a sensitive radioimmunoassay for HbF. This approach may be applicable to the measurement of other normal and abnormal hemoglobins.     

铁蛋白标记抗原的高效液相色谱纯化

目的：通过高效液相色谱（HPLC）对长期存储的铁蛋白抗原进行再纯化，提高铁蛋白标记抗原的质量。方法：用高效液相色谱对铁蛋白抗原进行分析、纯化，用放射免疫分析法对纯化后的样品进行分析鉴定。结果：经高效液相色谱分析，长期储存的铁蛋白抗原有明显的聚合现象，经高效液相色谱再纯化后，免疫尖性及标记后的比放射性有明显改善。结论：铁蛋白的高效液相色谱再纯化，对提高铁蛋白放射免疫分析试剂盒的质量有较大的意义。     

实验性脑实质内注血后甲硫氨酸—脑啡肽的变化

本实验采用脑内注入自体抗凝血造成实验性大鼠脑出血模型,然后,用放射免疫法对各脑区的甲硫氨酸-脑啡肽(MET-ENK)含量进行测定。结果:纹状体在注血后即刻比对照组有显著性下降(P<0.01);海马在注血后1小时比对照组有显著性下降(P<0.05);中脑在注血即刻及1小时均比对照组有显著性下降(P<0.05)。注血24小时后,上述各脑区MET-ENK含量均恢复至正常水平。并与注血后引起的偏瘫等神经学体征的恢复相平行。本实验提示脑申的MET-ENK参与脑出血后的生化反应,并可能与偏瘫等神经学体征的出现有关。     

RIA测定性激素判断血痕的性别

本文对测定血痕中睾酮量(T)和全血蛋白量(P),再根据T/P的比值来判断血痕性别的可能性进行了探讨。通过测定102名健康成年人血痕,得出本法男性血痕的肯定率为80.7％,女性为88.9％。实验中还观察到时间因素及些某环境因素(霉变)能使两性血痕T/P值降低。     

病毒性肝炎患者血清透明质酸的测定及临床分析

目的：研究病毒性肝炎患者透明质酸（ＨＡ）的含量、变化规律及临床意义。方法：采用放射免疫分析测定法（ＲＩＡ）对２７２例病毒性肝炎患者进行血清透明质酸的测定。结果：结果表明各临床类型肝炎的ＨＡ均高于正常人，升高的特点为急性肝炎（１３６．４２±１０１．２８ｎｇ／ｍｌ）小于慢性活动性肝炎（３６４．５６±２９６．４１ｎｇ／ｍｌ）小于肝炎后肝硬化（９９８．７２±３６３．４３ｎｇ／ｍｌ）。动态观察肝炎患者ＨＡ浓度的变化，发现急性肝炎ＨＡ浓度随病情恢复而降低，慢性活动性肝炎及肝硬化则恒于较高值。结论：认为ＨＡ可作为诊断肝纤维化的指标之一，对肝病的诊断，鉴别诊断与判断预后有一定的意义     

A specific immunoassay for the determination of morphine and its glucuronides in human blood

The development of specific antisera for immunochemical determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide is described. Morphine was N-demethylated to normorphine and N-alkylated to give N-aminopropyl-normorphine as hapten for antisera against morphine. As haptens for antisera against morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide, N-aminopropyl-nor-morphine was glucuronidated in position 3 or 6 respectively. Each of these three haptens were coupled to BSA employing the glutaraldehyde method to obtain three different immunogens. Immunisation of rabbits with these conjugates gave anti-morphine, anti-morphine-3-glucuronide and anti-morphine-6-glucuronide antisera, which were tested in a competitive, heterogeneous radioimmunoassay. Tracers for this radioimmunoassay procedure were synthesised by substitution of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide in position 2 with ¹²⁵I and indirect iodination of the morphine-3-glucuronide hapten according to the method of Bolton and Hunter. The resulting antisera show very specific reactions with morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide. Cross reactivities of each antiserum with structurally related opiates and opioides are very low. The cross reactivities of the anti-morphine antiserum against morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide, codeine, codeine-6-glucuronide or dihydrocodeine were less than 0.3%, the anti-morphine-3-glucuronide antiserum against morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, codeine, codeine-6-glucuronide or dihydrocodeine less than 0.1% and the anti-morphine-6-glucuronide antiserum against morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, codeine or dihydrocodeine less than 0.1%, against codeine-6-glucuronide less than 2.3%. The determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in blood samples (limit of detection = 3, 1, 0.5 ng/g) of nine cases of fatal heroin overdose with this radioimmunoassay method and the comparison with a GC/MS method is described. Received: 22 December 1997 / Received in revised form: 23 March 1998     

RIA examinations of CSF hormones as a method of demonstrating leakage through the blood-brain and brain-CSF barriers

Radioimmunoassay determinations of the levels of total T3, total T4, TSH, and prolactin in the CSF were performed on samples taken from 36 healthy individuals. The obtained reference values are the first of their kind. It is considered that RIA determinations of CSF hormone levels may provide a sensitive method for demonstrating pathological leakage through the blood-brain and brain-CSF barriers.     

癫痫发作对生长激素分泌的影响

利用ＲＩＡ法测定了经皮层ＥＥＧ，ＰＥＧ，ＳＰＥＣＴ，ＭＲＩ等检查定位明确的８例癫痫患者的基础ＧＨ水平和癫痫发作后血清ＧＨ水平。结果发现，癫痫患者基础ＧＨ水平明显低于正常对照。发作后ＧＨ水平明显升高，发作后３０ｍｉｎ。６４．７％的病例ＧＨ分泌达到峰值，约为发作前基础水平的４倍。     

不同方式滥用海洛因依赖者HAV、HBV和HCV感染情况分析

目的·· :了解滥用海洛因方式对HAV、HBV及HCV感染率的影响。方法·· :采用放射免疫分析法和酶联免疫吸附分析法对386例海洛因依赖者的血清进行检测,并对检测数据进行统计分析。结果·· :肌肉注射 +静脉注射、烫吸 +肌肉注射、烫吸 +静脉注射和烫吸4种方式滥用海洛因的HAV的感染率均为0,含静脉注射滥用方式导致的HBV、HCV感染率显著高于不含静脉注射滥用方式的,烫吸 +肌肉注射与烫吸两种滥用方式者中HBV和HCV的感染率差异无显著性。结论·· :静脉注射海洛因会导致HBV、HCV感染率增高。