Emerging inorganic nanomaterials for pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment

Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with incidence increasing at an alarming rate and survival not improved substantially during the past three decades. Although enormous efforts have been made in early detection and comprehensive treatment for this disease, little or no survival improvement was obtained, which necessitates the development of novel strategies. Emerging inorganic nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, mesoporous silica/gold/supermagnetic nanoparticles, have been widely used in biomedical research with great optimism for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Such nanoparticles possess unique optical, electrical, magnetic and/or electrochemical properties. With such properties along with their impressive nano-size, these particles can be targeted to cancer cells, tissues, and ligands efficiently and monitored with extreme precision in real-time. In additional to liposome, dendrimer, and polymeric nanoparticles, they are considered the most promising nanomaterials with the capability of both cancer detection and multimodality treatment. Emerging approaches to harness nanotechnology to optimize the existing diagnostic and therapeutic tools for pancreatic cancer have been extensively explored during the recent years. Future options for early detection, individual therapy and monitoring responses of pancreatic cancer are focused on multifunctional nanomedicine. In this review, we present the recent development of clinically applicable inorganic nanoparticles, with focus on the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, their advantages in theranostic nanomedicine, and challenges of translation to clinical practice, are discussed.     

牙周炎龈沟液铜蓝蛋白放射免疫分析的临床价值

本文报道了51例牙周炎和130例正常对照龈沟液铜蓝蛋白(CP)放免检测的观察和研究结果。牙周炎时CP非常显著增高,CP值快速型(RPP)>成人型(AP)青少年型(JP),但无统计差异,其临床敏感性为76.47％、特异性96.67％、阳性似然比22.964、阴性似然比0.243、Kappa值0.680、选择指数0.7392。     

神经降压素放免分析试剂盒研制及其临床初步应用

应用自制兔抗ＮＴ血清研制成ＮＴ－ＲＩＡ试剂盒。抗血清特异性强。与五种多肽无交叉反应。本盒最小检出值为１０．４８ｐｇ／ｍｌ。标准曲线范围２０－１６２０ｐｇ／ｍｌ。批内和批间变异系数平均为１０．２５％和１５．３０％。临床初步应用结果显示对脑梗塞和肝癌的诊断一定意义。     

Cell surface glycoproteins of rabbit lymphocytes: characterization with monoclonal antibodies

The structural characteristics of antigens recognized by a panel of monoclonal antibodies prepared against a rabbit T-lymphocyte cell line have been investigated. Those antigens which could be isolated using immunoadsorbents prepared from the monoclonal antibodies had mol. wts of 42,000, 90,000 and 120,000. The 42,000 mol. wt molecule is similar or identical to a rabbit class I major histocompatibility complex antigen and its characterization has been reported elsewhere. Three different 90,000 mol. wt proteins can be distinguished by their reactivity with lectins and by sequential immunoprecipitation. The 120,000 mol. wt protein is a very abundant surface glycoprotein that appears to be a specific marker for T-cells in the rabbit. It is the immunodominant antigen in a lentil lectin bound glycoprotein pool. Over half of the antibodies were directed against this antigen. All antigens detected by the panel of monoclonal antibodies have been detected on normal lymphoid cells.     

血清INS、C-P释放试验RIA法与TRFIA法的对比观察

目的为了探讨血清胰岛素（INS）和C肽（C-P）释放试验放射免疫分析法（RIA）与时间分辨免疫荧光分析法（TRIFA）检测结果的差异及各自优势。方法采用RIA法和TRFIA法对30例糖尿病患者的空腹﹑餐后30分钟﹑60分钟﹑120分钟血清INS和血清C-P水平进行检测。结果糖尿病组血清胰岛素空腹﹑餐后30分钟﹑60分钟﹑120分钟TRFIA法测定值显著低于RIA法测定值（p〈0.01）;血清C肽空腹﹑餐后30分钟﹑60分钟﹑120分钟TRFIA法测定值显著高于RIA法测定值（p〈0.01）。结论RIA法与TRFIA法检测结果具有显著性差异,表明两种方法的INS﹑C-P的测定结果不能混用。     

荧光偏振免疫法和放射免疫分析法测定血液中地高辛浓度的比较

采用荧光偏振免疫分析法和放射免疫分析法测定血液中地高辛浓度，两法测定结果相似，差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。对较低的血药浓度，荧光偏振免疫分析法的灵敏度较高，且操作简单、快速。     

507例先兆流产β－HCGRIA检测结果分析

应用β－ＨＣＧＲＩＡ检测５０７例先兆流产患者血清β－ＨＣＧ含量。其中３００例β－ＨＣＧ值均在正常对照组相应各孕周正常值范围内或高于正常范围，最低为９．０３±６．７１ＩＵ／ｍｌ，最高为４５．８７±１３．９５ＩＵ／ｍｌ，均经临床治疗保胎成功。２０７例β－ＨＣＧ值明显低于正常对照组相应各孕周值，最高仅为５．００ＩＵ／ｍｌ，全部发生难免流产。本文提示，先兆流产期间定期检测血清β－ＨＣＧ含量，并以此作为先兆流产处理的客观格标是可信的，这对于提高先兆流产的诊治水平具有重要意义。     

An indirect radioimmunoassay for interferon

An indirect radioimmunoassy for testing the antiviral activity of interferon (IFN) is described. Vero cells are seeded in microtitre plates, treated with appropriate dilutions of interferon and challenged with Sindbis virus. Viral yield is measured using specific antibody and radiolabelled protein A. The assay is able to detect IFN levels of 5 international units (I.U.)/ml, has a high degree of reproducibility, and could be easily adapted to various cell and virus combinations. This microsystem is technically simple, allows testing of small volumes of test material, and eliminates subjectivity in reading of endpoints.     

Comparison of ultrasensitive methods for the measurement of IgE

Because the study of human IgE synthesis and regulation requires exquisitely sensitive and rapidly performed methods for assay of in vitro IgE production, we compared 4 methods for radiometric immunoassay (RIA) of human IgE: double antibody RIA (DARIA), ultrasensitive enzymatic RIA (USERIA), sensitive paper radioimmunosorbent test (SPRIST) and microtiter solid-phase RIA (MSPRIA). IgE protein was measured in serum samples and cord bloods. The USERIA and the MSPRIA consistently detected levels of IgE as low as 27-35 pg/ml. The DARIA and SPRIST were less sensitive. Comparison of the USERIA and the MSPRIA favored the latter because: (1) it is a more rapidly performed assay, (2) it involves fewer manipulations, and (3) it has less variability. We conclude that the MSPRIA for IgE is superior to the other methods both as a research tool for measuring minute quantities of IgE protein (as in tissue culture supernatants) and for measuring IgE in serum samples where concentrations fall below 1 ng/ml (0.42 IU/ml; 1 IU = 2.4 ng).     

Physiologic modeling of cyclosporin kinetics in rat and man

A physiologic pharmacokinetic model of cyclosporin has been developed in the rat aimed at predicting the time course of drug concentrations in blood, organs, and tissues. The model assumes that tissue distribution is perfusion-rate limited and that each tissue acts as a well-stirred compartment. The unbound equilibrium distribution ratios as well as the values of the fraction unbound and the distributon isotherm of cyclosporin between erythrocytes and plasma are included in the rate equations describing the time course of the drug concentration in each tissue. Parameter values for the rat were obtained experimentally from a continuous infusion study, in which 2.7 and I3.9mg/kg per day doses of cyclosporin were administered subcutaneously to each of two groups of rats by osmotic pumps for 6 days. Steady-state cyclosporin concentrations in blood, CSF, and 18 different organs and tissues, were determined by a monoclonal antibody RIA. Differences in values of the unbound equilibrium distribution ratios in some tissues and unbound clearance indicated that both the processes of distribution and elimination may have elements of nonlinearity over the range of dosing rales tested. The model was evaluated in the rat with a kinetic experiment in which a 6-mg/kg dose of cyclosporin was infused intravenously over 15 min, with measurements of blood concentrations until 56 hr. Good agreement was obtained for the volume of distribution at steady state (blood), V _xs between the perfusion model and that calculated from the kinetic experiment. Also, the model prediction of the blood concentration temporal profile agreed closely with that observed except in the early moments, when distribution out of blood occurred considerably slower than predicted. On scaling the model up to humans, good agreement was found between the predicted plasma concentration-time profile and V _ss ,and experimental data from the literature. Both rat and human data suggest that partition into adipose tissue plays an important role in the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin.