LASIK前后非接触眼压计测量结果的研究

目的：研究激光原位角膜磨镶术（LASIK）手术前后非接触眼压计（NCT）测量值的改变,及其与屈光度矫正值和术中角膜切削厚度之间的关系,方法：随机选择112眼接受LASIK治疗的高度近视患者,排除青光眼或高眼压症,于术前、术后3、6、12个月作非接触眼压测量,对术前、术后的非接触眼压测量值作u检验,并对眼压改变值与预期屈光度矫正值和术中角膜切削厚度作相关性分析,结果：①手术前后非接触眼压测量值的改变差异有显著性意义（P＜0.001）,术后一年平均眼压测量值下降0.931±0.293kPa;③术后一年眼压下降值与预期屈光度矫正值存在统计学上的相关性(r=0.1942,P＜0．05);术后一年眼压下降值与术中角膜切削厚度亦存在统计学上的相关性(r=0.2577,P＜0.001）,结论：LASIK术后不能按传统正常值衡量非接触眼压计测量结果,否则可能延误类固醇性青光眼的早期诊断,激光切削石角膜厚度变薄是导致手术后非接触眼压计测量结果下降的直接原因。     

OSAHS患者血液流变学变化的临床研究

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）是由于睡眠时上气道部分或完全阻塞,引起的呼吸暂停和通气不足,伴有打鼾、睡眠结构紊乱,频繁发生血氧饱和度下降、白天嗜睡等症状。它是一种具有潜在危险的常见病症,长期患病易诱发心脑血管方面的疾病。本研究观察55例OSAHS患者和36例正常人血流动力学的改变,探讨OSAHS患者病理生理改变的规律,进一步认识其影响全身情况的机制。     

脉搏传导时间在检测呼吸驱动力中的价值

目的 评价脉搏传导时间(pulse transit time,PTT)在判断呼吸暂停性质方面的准确性,为临床应用该方法 提供依据.方法 32例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者被纳入本研究.多道睡眠监测(PSG)共监测得到10 305次呼吸暂停事件.应用PTT和食管压分别分析所有呼吸暂停事件,综合比较两次分析结果 ,探讨PTT的准确性.比较动眼和非动眼睡眠期的PTT准确性,并分析每个患者PTT准确性与临床资料的关系.结果 在判断呼吸暂停性质方面,PTT与食管压的总体一致率达到96.7%(9970/10305).以食管压的判断为金标准,PTT检出中枢性、阻塞性和混合性呼吸暂停的敏感度分别为88.0%、91.3%和97.8%;特异度分别为99.8%、97.8%和92.8%.暂停事件的错判主要集中于阻塞性和混合性呼吸事件间相互错判.动眼和非动眼睡眠期PTT判断的准确性差异无统计学意义.PTT判断呼吸事件的准确率与年龄、BMI、最低血氧饱和度、AHI等无明显相关性.结论 PTT与食管压在判断呼吸事件性质方面有很好的一致性,对各类呼吸暂停的检出都具有很高的敏感度和特异度,是无创检出呼吸驱动力的良好方法 .     

肝豆灵对铜负荷肝纤维化大鼠肝星状细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察肝豆灵对铜负荷肝纤维化大鼠肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cells,HSC)凋亡的影响,探讨肝豆灵防治Wilson病肝纤维化的作用机制。方法将75只大鼠分成空白组、模型组、肝豆灵组、青霉胺组及肝豆灵+青霉胺组,采用喂食硫酸铜饮食复制铜负荷大鼠模型,采用TUNEL法检测HSC的凋亡。结果模型组可见大量HSC增生;与模型组比较,各治疗组HSC数量显著降低(P0.01),HSC凋亡指数显著升高(P0.01);肝豆灵+青霉胺组AI显著高于肝豆灵组和青霉胺组(P0.01)。讨论肝豆灵可促进铜负荷大鼠HSC的凋亡,其与青霉胺联合用药的作用更显著。     

Effectiveness of negative-pressure wound therapy compared to wet-dry dressing in pressure injuries

This study aims to compare the effects of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) and wet-to-dry dressing on Stages 3 and 4 pressure injuries (PI), This study is a randomized controlled trial. A total of 30 patients with Stages 3 and 4 pressure injuries were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: NPWT group and the wet-to-dry dressing group. All patients received 3 rounds of treatment. Data were collected with a Patient Identification Form, Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) Tool and the findings of the Three-Dimensional Wound Measurement (3DWM) device. We found that granulation tissue formation was more significant in the experimental group (p < .05), and that there was more significant wound shrinkage (p < .05) with a more significant decrease in the PUSH Tool scores (p < .05). The wounds were assessed with the tool and the 3DWM system. Device measurements were found to be correlated with PUSH Tool findings (p < .05). There was a significant correlation between device-measured granulation findings and PUSH Tool score results of the experimental group's third measurements (p < .05). We conclude that NPWT is an effective treatment method for pressure injuries, and 3DWM device is a useable wound assessment tool.     

Reliability of B-mode ultrasound and shear wave elastography in evaluating sacral bone and soft tissue characteristics in young adults with clinical feasibility in elderly

BackgroundPhysiologic aging is associated with loss of mobility, sarcopenia, skin atrophy and loss of elasticity. These factors contribute, in the elderly, to the occurrence of a pressure ulcer (PU). Brightness mode ultrasound (US) and shear wave elastography (SWE) have been proposed as a patient-specific, bedside, and predictive tool for PU. However, reliability and clinical feasibility in application to the sacral region have not been clearly established.MethodThe current study aimed to propose a simple bedside protocol combining US and SWE. The protocol was first tested on a group of 19 healthy young subjects by two operators. The measurements were repeated three times. Eight parameters were evaluated at the medial sacral crest. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used for reliability assessment and the modified Bland Altman plot analysis for agreement assessment. The protocol was then evaluated for clinical feasibility on a healthy older group of 11 subjects with a mean age of 65 ± 2.4 yrs.FindingsICC showed poor to good reliability except for skin SWE and hypodermis thickness with an ICC (reported as: mean (95%CI)) of 0.78 (0.50–0.91) and 0.98 (0.95–0.99) respectively. No significant differences were observed between the young and older group except for the muscle Shear Wave Speed (SWS) (respectively 2.11 ± 0.27 m/s vs 1.70 ± 0.17 m/s).InterpretationThis is the first protocol combining US and SWE that can be proposed on a large scale in nursing homes. Reliability, however, was unsatisfactory for most parameters despite efforts to standardize the protocol and measurement definitions. Further studies are needed to improve reliability.     

Translation,cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the revised-Skin Management Needs Assessment Checklist questionnaire in Malay language

IntroductionPressure injury (PI) related knowledge can be used as an outcome indicator of a PI education program. In Malaysia, no scale has been translated and validated for measuring PI-related knowledge among patients with a PI.AimThe purpose of this study was to cross-culturally adapt, translate and determine the validity and reliability of the Malay version of the revised-Skin Management Need Assessment Checklist (revised-SMnac).MethodThe instrument was initially written in English and translated into the Malay language. The internal consistency, construct validity, and test-retest reliability were examined after the item and scale's cross-cultural equivalence and content validity were evaluated. Construct validity was determined through the administration of the instrument amongst 170 hospitalised patients with a PI. Content validity index (CVI) was further determined through validation by a panel of five wound care experts. The instrument's stability was determined by the test-retest model with a two-week interval.ResultsThe content validity of the item-CVI (I-CVI) was >79%, indicating that all 17-items were appropriate, while the scale-CVI (S-CVI) of >0.83 indicated an acceptable scale. The Cronbach's Alpha was .994 indicated good internal consistency. Test-retest showed a good intra-class correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.955 with 95% CI [0.992–0.996].ConclusionsThe Malay version of the revised-SMnac demonstrated to be a valid and reliable tool to measure PI-related knowledge among the Malay-speaking patient population in Malaysia. The tool is recommended for use to measure the effectiveness of education programs related to PI care in future studies.     

Lessons learned from patients with spinal cord injury in managing pressure ulcers: A qualitative study

ObjectivesTo explore how individuals with spinal cord injury self-manage the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers and to provide insight into experiences with self-management support.DesignQualitative study using semi-structured interview and a deductive thematic analysis.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsTwelve of the 14 participating adults with a spinal cord injury had experience with pressure ulcers, and eight of these had a current pressure ulcer.ResultsRespondents suggested to tailor treatment of pressure ulcers to patients’ individual wishes and capabilities of patients. Patients and caregivers need to be aware of the importance of determining the cause of pressure ulcers to prevent deterioration. Patients often depend on informal caregivers for follow-up and prevention, and healthcare professionals in non-SCI specialties often lack the knowledge needed to manage pressure ulcers in this specific patient group. Tailored education and peer support are important for patients to set boundaries, be assertive, and cultivate a positive attitude when dealing with pressure ulcers. It is difficult to combine treatment of severe pressure ulcers and preventive measures with work roles. Managing the social impact of pressure ulcers requires more coordination with caregivers.ConclusionsTo support self-management of pressure ulcers in patients with a spinal cord injury, they must find out which preventive measures and treatments suit them best. Healthcare professionals play an important role in the self-management of pressure ulcers and can help patients deal with the emotional and social impact of pressure ulcers. To know patient's needs and tailor their education, healthcare professionals of non SCI organizations need to have knowledge of pressure ulcers management of this specific patient group.     

Comparative effectiveness of heel-specific medical devices for the prevention of heel pressure ulcers: A systematic review

BackgroundPressure ulcers (PUs) impact on patient's quality of life and are costly for healthcare providers. Heels are a particular concern due to specific risk factors. Relative effectiveness of medical devices, e.g., dressings, off-loading devices, heel cushioning devices, to reduce PU development is unknown.MethodsSystematic review of the effectiveness of heel-specific medical devices for the prevention of heel PU (HPU)s. Database searches were performed from inception to June 2021 for RCTs. The primary outcome was incidence of new HPUs. Trials were assessed for risk of bias and data analysed with risk ratios, mean difference or hazard ratios as appropriate.ResultsFifteen RCTs (4724 participants) were identified.Dressings, as constant low pressure (CLP) devices vs standard care: eight trials (very low quality) showed no-significant difference in effectiveness (RR 0.31, 95%CI 0.10 to 1.01).Off-loading devices vs standard care: three trials (low quality), showed significant reduction in development of Category≥1 HPUs (RR 0.20, 95%CI 0.05 to 0.80) two trials (medium quality), showed significant reduction in development of Category≥2 HPUs (RR 0.08, 95%CI 0.01 to 0.67).Comparisons between off-loading devices: two trials (low quality) showed no clear difference in HPU incidence.In a paediatric post-surgical population, one trial of off-loading device and one of a dressing (CLP device), both versus standard care, showed no clear difference in HPU incidence (RR 0.19 95%CI 0.02 to 1.55 and RR 0.89 95%CI 0.56 to 1.42 respectively).ConclusionsOff-loading devices may reduce HPU incidence, from low-quality evidence. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that dressings reduce HPU incidence.     

容量负荷对腹膜透析患者残余肾功能的影响

目的 探讨容量状态及其他因素对腹膜透析患者残余肾功能（residual kidney function,RKF）下降的影响。方法 分析复旦大学附属华山医院腹膜透析中心自2010年6月至2017年8月期间进行腹膜透析（peritoneal dialysis,PD）并且规律随访患者的临床资料,筛除有腹膜炎病史、临床资料不全、中途由外院转入的患者。以患者开始规律PD第3个月的估算 肾小球滤过率（estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR）作为基础值,记录腹膜透析患者在≤36个月间内所有基本临床特征、透析相关变量和主要生化指标。终点事件定义为在开始PD 24个月内的eGFR下降为0。采用单因素及多因素线性回归和Cox回归模型法分析影响PD患者eGFR下降的影响因素。结果 本研究纳入96名患者,基线eGFR为（4.20±3.00） mL·min^-1·1.73 m^-2,单因素和多因素线性回归结果显示体重指数（body mass index,BMI）和时间平均后的终末段脑钠肽前体（NT-proB-type natriuretic peptide,BNP）为共同影响PD患者RKF下降的危险因素。单因素Cox回归分析结果显示BMI、标准化蛋白分解率（normalized protein catabolic rate,nPCR）、平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure,MAP）和时间平均后的BNP为影响PD患者进入终点事件的共同危险因素。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示时间平均后的BNP为影响PD患者进入终点事件的独立影响因素。结论 容量过剩与新开始PD患者RKF下降可能相关。