Surgical management of primary tumors of the cervical spine: surgical considerations and avoidance of complications

Abstract

Objective:

Primary cervical spinal tumors are rare tumors of the spine and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Such tumors include multiple myeloma, chordomas, giant cell tumors, hemangiomas, osteosarcomas, chondrosarcomas, synovial sarcomas, aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC), hemangiomas, eosinophilic granulomas, osteoid osteomas, and osteoblastomas. We review the surgical decision-making process and identify critical key steps for surgical complication avoidance. We also present case illustrations demonstrating such pathological diagnoses and surgical treatments performed.

Methods:

We retrospectively review the literature regarding the most common primary cervical spinal tumors that have undergone surgical resection with or without adjuvant treatment.

Results:

En bloc resection of primary cervical tumors resulted in significantly increased progression-free survival and overall survival. From the limited data, adjuvant treatment with proton-beam therapy for chordomas has potential benefit. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for Ewing’s sarcoma and osteogenic sarcoma has shown some promise, with en bloc resection demonstrating stronger benefit for osteogenic sarcoma.

Discussion:

En bloc resection for primary spinal tumors has proven to be the standard of care in spinal oncology. Adjuvant and neo-adjuvant treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy variants (conventional, proton beam, cyberknife) need to be studied further in most primary tumor types to become standard of care. Chordoma management is more widely studied with en bloc resection and adjuvant proton-beam therapy demonstrating improved progression-free survival and overall survival. Surgical management and adjuvant treatment strategies are case dependent, depending on tumor histology, patient neurological examination, prior surgeries at that level, and prior adjuvant treatment.     

Low-dose mirtazapine in treatment of major depression developed following severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: two cases

This report presents the successful use of low-dose mirtazapine in the treatment of major depression that developed following severe nausea and vomiting symptoms during the early gestational weeks in two cases. The psychiatric diagnosis was determined with the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Assessments were performed with the Clinical Global Impression — Improvement Scale and the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Further large-scale studies should be carried out to confirm the useful effects observed in these cases.     

Association between screw prominence and vascular complications after clavicle fixation

Context:

Fixation of clavicle fractures has become more common to prevent symptomatic malunion and nonunion. The subclavian and axillary vessels are in close proximity to the medial two-thirds of the clavicle, placing them at risk from prominent metalware. Injury to these major vessels has the potential to be life or limb-threatening. Despite this anatomical risk, iatrogenic vascular injury associated with clavicle fixation is rare.

Aims:

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with modern fixation techniques in reported cases of vascular injury after clavicle fixation.

Materials and Methods:

A literature search was performed, and all identified cases of iatrogenic vascular injury associated with prominent clavicle fixation were analyzed. Clinical details, the total length of the prominent screws and the distance that they protruded from the far cortex were recorded.

Results:

Five cases were identified; there were four pseudoaneurysms and one arteriovenous fistula. The total length of the offending screw was identifiable in two cases, measuring 26 and 30 mm. The length of screw prominence was identifiable in 3 cases (8, 10 and 10 mm). The pseudoaneurysms presented at 2-10 years following clavicle fixation. Three of these cases developed limb-threatening ischemia.

Conclusions:

Vascular complications associated with clavicle fixation are uncommon but potentially limb-threatening. Several associated factors are identified. The authors provide a number of detailed recommendations aimed at preventing these complications.     

人卵母细胞胞浆中央颗粒化对胚胎发育潜能的影响及其分级和成因探讨

目的探讨人类辅助生殖技术中卵母细胞胞浆中央颗粒化(CLGC)对胚胎发育潜能的影响及其分级评估、形成的可能原因。方法回顾性分析荆州市中心医院生殖中心2012年6月至2014年3月卵胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)治疗的患者,选取全部卵母细胞CLGC的30例患者作为研究组,随机选择同期卵母细胞胞浆形态无异常的200例患者作为胞浆形态正常组,比较二组间年龄、基础FSH、平均促性腺激素(Gn)使用天数、平均Gn总量,以及受精率、卵裂率、优质胚胎率、可利用胚胎率及妊娠结局的差异。并对卵母细胞CLGC的程度进行分级评估,比较轻、重度CLGC患者受精率、优质胚胎率、可利用胚胎率的差异。结果研究组与对照组之间的年龄、基础FSH无统计学差异(P0.05),而平均Gn使用天数、平均Gn总量、受精率、卵裂率、优质胚胎率、可利用胚胎率及临床妊娠率、流产率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);轻度CLGC组受精率、卵裂率、优质胚胎率、可利用胚胎率均显著高于重度CLGC组(P0.05)。结论人卵母细胞随CLGC的程度加重其胚胎的发育潜能逐渐降低。CLGC作为一种常见的卵母细胞胞浆形态异常对胚胎发育潜能的评估有重要的参考意义。合理的临床降调节方案、合适剂量的Gn使用可能是减少所获卵母细胞CLGC的途径之一。     

氧化应激对多囊卵巢综合征患者体外受精-胚胎移植结局的影响

目的探讨接受体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)的多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者卵泡液中相关氧化应激指标的水平,并分析氧化应激状态对IVF结局的影响。方法募集进行IVF助孕的PCOS患者25例为PCOS组,因单纯输卵管因素行IVF治疗的患者23例为对照组,收集取卵日清亮卵泡液,检测多种氧化应激相关指标:脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、晚期氧化蛋白产物(AOPP)、总抗氧化能力(TAC)、经典的酶类抗氧化物超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、卵泡液抑制羟自由基(·OH)产生的能力、抗氧化辅酶Q(CoQ10)、还原型及氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSH、GSSG),并分析各项指标与IVF结局的关系。结果与对照组相比,PCOS组卵泡液GSH/GSSG较低,差异有统计学意义(P=0.036);PCOS组宫内妊娠率(35.29%)显著低于对照组(71.43%)(P=0.026);其他指标两组间无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论 PCOS患者卵泡液内存在GSH/GSSG比值异常的氧化应激状态,并可能影响其IVF-ET的临床结局。     

经皮穴位电刺激对反复着床失败冻融胚胎移植患者的影响

目的观察经皮穴位电刺激(transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation,TEAS)对胚胎移植后反复着床失败的患者冻融胚胎移植周期子宫内膜、妊娠结局的影响。方法将176例反复着床失败行冻融胚移植的患者随机化分为两组:观察组82例:常规冻胚移植前内膜准备,月经第10天起给予TEAS;对照组94例:常规冻融胚移植前内膜准备,不予其他干预措施。比较两组患者移植前与月经第10天内膜增厚差值、生化妊娠率、临床妊娠率、胚胎着床率的差异。结果观察组生化妊娠率大于对照组,但差异无统计学意义;观察组内膜生长差值、着床率、临床妊娠率均大于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TEAS可提高反复着床失败患者的子宫内膜容受性,提高此类患者冻融胚移植成功率。     

精子形态对宫腔内人工授精妊娠率的影响

目的探讨正常形态精子比率对宫腔内人工授精（IUI）临床妊娠率的影响。方法回顾分析328个周期宫腔内人工授精临床资料,根据男方精子形态学检查结果分为三组：正常形态精子百分率≥4%、2%～〈4%、〈2%,比较各组间精液处理前后精子浓度、活力、前向运动精子总数以及IUI临床妊娠率。结果处理前精子浓度、活力及前向运动精子总数各组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,处理后精子浓度、活力、前向运动精子总数各组间比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,≥4%、2%～〈4%、〈2%各组临床妊娠率分别为19.5%、17.9%、2.6%,有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论正常形态精子比率影响IUI临床妊娠率,正常形态精子百分率≥2%可获得较满意的临床妊娠率。     

妊娠期代谢综合征危险因素探析

目的探讨妊娠期代谢综合征（GMS）发生的相关危险因素。方法收集在我院检查并住院的56例子痫前期孕妇、80例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇和健康孕妇108例,检测其空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白等水平,依据GSM诊断标准计算各组孕妇的GMS发生率并分析其危险因素。结果子痫组和GDM组在FPG、TC、LDL—C等糖、脂代谢指标上较对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;子痫组和GDM组GMS发生率均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,孕前BMI和TG构成两组GMS发生高危因素,其中TG则构成独立危险因素。结论体质量超重或肥胖、糖和脂代谢异常等多重代谢异常集中出现在子痫前期和妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中,孕期BMI、TG等构成妊娠合并代谢综合征危险因素。     

腹腔镜与开腹卵巢囊肿剥除术对育龄女性妊娠情况的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜与开腹卵巢囊肿剥除术对育龄女性妊娠情况的影响。方法选择已婚未育或有生育需求患者80例,观察组实施腹腔镜手术治疗,对照组实施开腹手术,比较两组患者术中术后相关,如手术时间、术中出血、术后肛门排气时间及总住院时间,并统计3年内两组随访妊娠情况。结果观察组手术时间短于对照组（P〈0．05）,术中出血少于对照组（P〈0．05）,术后肛门排气时间快于对照组（P〈0．05）,总住院时间少于对照组（P〈0．05）,观察组妊娠率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,距离妊娠时间显著短于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论腹腔镜治疗育龄女性卵巢囊肿具有创伤小、术后妊娠率高等优点,值得临床重视。