2012年和2018年我国输入性恶性疟原虫氯喹抗性基因多态性分析

目的对2012年和2018年我国输入性恶性疟原虫样本氯喹抗性分子标记位点基因多态性进行检测,分析恶性疟原虫氯喹抗性转运蛋白基因(Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine re sistant transporter,Pfcrt)第72~76位密码子抗性相关位点突变类型,并分析不同输入来源样本的特异性。方法收集2012年和2018年国家疟疾诊断参比实验室674例输入性恶性疟病例滤纸血样本,以样本中恶性疟原虫7号染色体上Pfcrt基因第72~76位点为扩增片段,采用巢式PCR法进行扩增并测序,对目的产物片段测序结果、地理分布等特征进行统计分析。结果2012年和2018年我国674例输入性恶性疟病例中,95.5%(644/674)来自非洲,其余4.5%(30/674)来自东南亚和大洋洲(巴布亚新几内亚);非洲又以西非和中非为主(占非洲样本的80.4%,518/644)。共检测到C72S、M74I、N75E、K76T 4个位点突变和5种单体型类型(CVMNK、CVIET、SVMNT和两种混合型),其中CVMNK与CVIET为非洲和东南亚地区恶性疟原虫共有的单体型类型,SVMNT仅在东南亚(缅甸)和巴布亚新几内亚输入样本中检测出;2种混合型为CVMNK/CVIET和CVMNK/SVMNT,前者在非洲和东南亚输入样本中分布,后者仅在东南亚缅甸来源样本中检出。自非洲输入的样本野生型较多,占77.7%(478/615);而自东南亚和巴布亚新几内亚输入的样本中,抗性分子标记样本占68.0%(17/25),两者差异有统计学意义(χ^2=28.5,P<0.05)。非洲不同地区来源样本中,抗性基因比例和野生型构成差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),西非野生型所占比例最低。结论2012年和2018年我国674例输入性恶性疟病例样本中,自东南亚输入的恶性疟原虫Pfcrt基因第72~76位点抗性基因比例和分子多态性均较非洲来源样本高。     

疫苗候选抗原Pvs48/45在中缅边境的遗传多样性特点

目的 了解间日疟原虫传播阻断疫苗候选抗原Pvs48/45在中缅边境地区的基因多态性和自然选择特点。方法 提取39例来自中缅边境主要流行区(Laiza)的间日疟原虫基因组DNA,采用巢式PCR(nest-PCR)扩增Pvs48/45基因开放阅读区(Open reading frame, ORF);通过MEGA 4.0、DnaSP v5.10和NETWORK 4.6对Pvs48/45基因多态性和自然选择特点进行分析。结果 研究发现了6个突变位点,均为非同义突变(E35K ,H211N ,K250N ,D335Y,A376T,K418R),导致了5种单倍型;Pvs48/45基因的核苷酸多态性水平极低(π=0.00064),CRDⅢ区最高(π=0.00163);多种中性检验均表明Pvs48/45基因处于平衡选择;种群进化分析和单倍型网络图显示Pvs48/45具有较强的地理分化,且H2型为中缅边境地区频率最高的单倍型。结论 Pvs48/45在中缅边境地区遗传多样性很低,且在进化过程中经历平衡选择,提示其可作为传播阻断疫苗候选靶点;Pvs48/45在全球具有较强的地理分化,应根据地区遗传特点开发更加有效的传播阻断疫苗。     

Complement C5‐deficient mice are protected from seizures in experimental cerebral malaria

Studies have demonstrated that the membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement can evoke seizures when injected directly into rodent brain. In the course of studies that examine the role of complement in the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), we observed fewer seizures in mice deficient in C5, a component required for MAC formation. To determine if the MAC contributed to the tonic–clonic seizures characteristic of ECM, we performed long‐term video–electroencephalography (EEG) on C5^?/? mice with Plasmodium berghei ANKA‐induced cerebral malaria and observed significantly reduced spike and seizure frequency compared to wild‐type mice. Our data suggest a role for the MAC in malaria‐induced seizures and that inhibition of the terminal complement pathway may reduce seizures and seizure‐related neurocognitive deficits.     

Reduced Plasmodium berghei sporozoite liver load associates with low protective efficacy after intradermal immunization

Studies in animal models suggest that protection against malaria induced by intradermal (ID) administration of sporozoites is less effective compared to intravenous injection (IV). We investigated in a murine model the protective efficacy and immune responses after ID or IV immunization of sporozoites. Mice were immunized via either IV or ID route with Plasmodium berghei sporozoites in combination with chloroquine treatment (CPS) (allowing full liver stage development) or by γ‐radiation‐attenuated sporozoites (RAS) (early liver stage arrest). While IV immunization with both RAS and CPS generated 90–100% protection, ID immunization resulted in reduced levels of protection with either immunization strategy in both Balb/cByJ (50%) and C57BL/6j mice (7–13%). Lower protection by ID routing associated with a 30‐fold lower parasite liver load [P < 0.001 (χ² = 49.08, d.f. = 1)] assessed by real‐time in vivo imaging of bioluminescent P. berghei parasites. Unlike IV, ID immunization did not result in expansion of CD8+ T cells with effector memory phenotype and showed lower IFNγ responses irrespective of the immunization regime. In conclusion, protection against sporozoite infection is likely dependent on parasite liver infection and subsequently generated cellular immune responses.     

Plasmodium chabaudi AS induces pregnancy loss in association with systemic pro-inflammatory immune responses in A/J and C57BL/6 mice

The molecular mechanisms that underlie poor birth outcomes in malaria during pregnancy remain poorly defined. To assess the role of host immune responses, mice known to respond differentially to Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection were studied. Following infection at day 0 of pregnancy, A/J mice developed significantly higher parasitemia than C57BL/6 (B6) mice and succumbed to infection. Both strains had evidence of parasite accumulation in the placenta at mid-gestation and aborted, with significantly higher embryo loss in infected A/J mice on day 9. While infection-induced systemic tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1β in the latter were significantly higher at day 11, day 10 IL-10 levels were higher in B6 mice. No differences in the levels of splenic lymphocyte subsets, neutrophils or monocytes between infected pregnant A/J and B6 mice were observed, with most cell types expanding in response to infection regardless of pregnancy. Antibody ablation of TNF exacerbated infection in A/J mice and did not ameliorate pregnancy outcome. Thus, malaria induces poor pregnancy outcome in both the mouse strains in the context of quantitatively different systemic inflammatory responses. Further evaluation of the roles of soluble and cellular immune components, particularly at the uteroplacental level, will be required to define the most critical pregnancy-compromising mechanisms.     

Inter‐Test Comparison Between Filter Paper Absorbed Blood Eluate and Serum for Malaria Serology by Enzyme Immunoassay: An Operational Feasibility

Abstract

Antimalarial IgG and IgM were detected by enzyme immunoassay in finger‐stick blood samples collected in capillary tubes and also spotted onto Whatman filter paper. Assay was performed in 92 blood samples obtained from 53 falciparum malaria patients, representing 23 fever cases (malaria negative) and 16 healthy individuals. A simple indirect ELISA was done using Plasmodium falciparum lysate and MSP1₁₉ peptide as antigens. Total IgG and IgM contents were also estimated in individual sera and filter paper eluate by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). Assay results of both serum and filter paper eluates were compared. The sensitivity and specificity of the assays for IgG measurement were comparable between serum and filter paper eluates (P < 0.001), whereas, in case of IgM, detection level was poor in filter paper eluates as observed by ELISA and SRID. The filter paper eluates may serve the purpose of antigen‐specific IgG detection in seroepidemiological surveys.     

疟原虫环子孢子蛋白的研究进展

环子孢子蛋白(circumsporzoite protein,CSP)是疟原虫成熟子孢子表面的锚定蛋白,约含400个氨基酸,由N端保守I区、种属特异性的中央重复区和C端保守Ⅱ区构成。CSP在疟原虫的迁移、靶细胞入侵和增殖过程中发挥重要作用。近年研究显示,CSP在疟疾疫苗和靶向给药系统中具有良好的应用前景。本文对疟原虫CSP的结构特征、功能及其应用前景作一综述。     

应用密切值法综合评价疟原虫血片质量

在疟原虫血片制作、 染色和清洁度3个单指标评价基础上, 利用密切值法对连云港市8个县 （区） 16个镜检站的血片质量进行了综合评价。结果显示, 连云港市各镜检站血片质量较高。密切值法原理简单、 评价结果合理、 易于操作, 具有一定的适用性。     

中缅边境恶性疟原虫pfmdr1基因多态性及pfmsp1等位基因分型研究

目的 分析中缅边境恶性疟原虫多抗药基因1(riamoaium Jaicipparum mumarug resustance1,pfmdr1)基因编码蛋白86位点多态性及裂殖子表面蛋白1(P.falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 gene,pfmsp1)等位基因的分型特征.方法 采用chelex-100法提取DNA,PCR扩增pfmdr1基因编码蛋白86位点及pfmsp1基因第2区与第3区部分片段,并对其进行DNA测序,对扩增片段基因的结构、同源性进行分析.结果 检测的50份血样中,49份成功扩增pfmdr1基因,49份在第25位氨基酸均发生缺失,且在第27～29位氨基酸由STA都突变为EYR,9份在第35位氨基酸缺失,第86位氨基酸均未发生点突变.50份恶性疟患者样本中有49份共扩增出72个pfmsp1基因片段,以MAD20型为主导型占93.88％,K1、RO33型为次之,并存在不同基因株混合感染现象.结论 中缅边境恶性疟原虫株pfmdr1基因第86位氨基酸点无突变,pfmsp1存在MAD20型、K1型和RO33型3种等位基因型,以MAD20型为优势虫株.