Psychometric assessment of female overactive bladder syndrome and antimuscarinics-related effects

Objectives

To investigate the characteristics of psychological distress (PD), personality traits, and family support in women with overactive bladder syndrome (OAB), and the effects of antimuscarinic treatment.

Study design

Women with and without OAB (age- and body mass index [BMI]-matched control group) were prospectively enrolled; they recorded bladder diaries, underwent urodynamic studies, and completed PD, personality traits, and filled family support questionnaires before and after antimuscarinic treatment. OAB women underwent treatment with tolterodine or solifenacin for 12 weeks. The control group completed questionnaires.

Main outcome measures

The differences in PD, personality traits, and family support scores between both groups, and the changes after antimuscarinic treatment in OAB women.

Results

Eighty-five women with OAB (tolterodine, n = 42; solifenacin, n = 43) and 65 without OAB completed the studies. Linear regression analysis with age and BMI adjustment revealed: coefficients of OAB were significant (all P < 0.05) for somatic complaints (mean: 0.87 vs. 0.63, coefficient = 0.21), obsessive–compulsive symptoms (0.69 vs. 0.44, coefficient = 0.25), anxiety symptoms (0.42 vs. 0.27, coefficient = 0.14), General Symptom Index (GSI, 0.48 vs. 0.33, coefficient = 0.14), neuroticism (9.23 vs. 5.17, coefficient = 3.73), and extroversion–introversion (13.64 vs. 15.25, coefficient = −1.73). Anxiety symptoms (0.42 vs. 0.36) and GSI (0.48 vs. 0.39) improved after antimuscarinics (all P < 0.05). High Overactive Bladder Symptom Score questionnaire score (coefficient = −0.39), low hostility score (coefficient = 2.11), and high additional symptoms score (coefficient = −1.46) were associated with good therapeutic effect (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

OAB women experience more PD, neuroticism, and introversion than asymptomatic women, and antimuscarinics could improve PD.     

空军飞行员人格特征调查报告

目的评估空军飞行员的人格特征状况,为维护飞行员的心理健康,保障飞行安全提供依据。方法采用卡特尔16种人格因素测验(16PF),与空军飞行人员年度健康大体检同时进行心理测评。结果飞行员16PF的基本人格因素乐群性(A),聪慧性(B),稳定性(C),兴奋性(F),敢为性(H),自律性(Q3)和次级因素内向与外向型(χ2)、心理健康(Y1)及专业成就因素(Y2)得分显著高于军人男常模(t=4.18,6.55,3.37,7.11,2.98,2.77,5.32,6.78,2.97;P0.001和P0.01);而基本人格因素怀疑性(L),忧虑性(O),独立性(Q2),紧张性(Q4)和次级因素适应与焦虑型(X1),创造能力因素(Y3),新环境成长能力因素(Y4)得分显著低于军人男常模(t=6.20,5.77,5.81,4.26,5.56,24.88,17.26;P0.001或P0.01);两组间对比有显著性差异。飞行员应用预测个性因素与次级个性因素的相关显示飞行员应用预测个性因素与次级个性因素大部分存在显著相关(P0.01或0.001)。其中心理健康与内外向型成最大正相关,而心理健康与适应焦虑型成最大负相关。结论空军飞行员具有良好的人格特征,对维护心理健康,保障飞行安全提供了良好的人格基础。     

人格特征在中学生社会支持与心理韧性中的中介作用

目的考察中学生人格特征在社会支持与心理韧性之间的中介效应。方法采用艾森克人格问卷中文修订版(儿童版)、社会支持评定量表和青少年心理韧性量表对324名中学生进行集体施测。结果人格特征的内外向因子与主观支持、支持的利用度、社会支持总分、心理韧性总分呈显著正相关(r=0.251~0.467,P0.01),而神经质、精神质因子与主观支持、支持的利用度及社会支持总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.118~-0.262,P0.05或0.01),与心理韧性总分则相关不显著;内外向、客观支持、支持的利用度对心理韧性具有显著的预测作用(P0.01或0.001)。回归分析发现,内外向在社会支持与心理韧性间起部分中介效应(c'=0.261,P0.001)。结论社会支持以内外向为中介,对中学生的心理韧性具有预测作用。     

精神科医生与护理人员心理健康状况调查

目的探讨某精神病院精神科医生与护理人员心理健康状况及人格特点的差异。方法采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、卡特尔十六种人格因素量表(16PF)对某精神病院184名职工进行施测。结果①精神科医生与护理人员在睡眠总分、SCL-90总分、总均分、躯体化等因子上的得分无差异(t=-0.016,-1.303,-1.290,-1.344;P0.05);②精神科医生在H因素,次级人格因素Ⅱ(内向外向),次级人格因素Ⅲ(安详机警)上的得分高于护理人员,在I因素上的得分低于护理人员(t=3.605,2.356,2.447,-2.656;P0.05)。结论精神科医生与护理人员的心理健康水平相当。在个性特征方面精神科医生更具有敢为性,开朗、外倾,更加果断刚毅。护理人员则更加敏感细腻。     

医学生感恩与父母教养方式、人格关系

目的考察医学生感恩基本情况,讨论医学生的感恩与其父母教养方式、人格之间的关系。方法采用大学生感戴量表(SCSG)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)对河南某医学院校395名大学生集体施测。结果①在感戴总分上,女生得分高于男生(t=-2.95,P0.05);不同年级和不同生源地医学生在感戴密度上差异显著(F=2.630~2.659,P0.05);②除了父母亲偏爱,父母亲过度干涉外,其他父母教养方式均与感戴总分显著相关(r=-2.90~0.387,P0.01);③父亲情感温暖理解、精神质、内外向、母亲拒绝否认4个变量对感戴总分显著预测力(R2=0.275);④内外向(t=5.477,P0.05)在父亲情感温暖理解与感戴的总分之间起部分中介作用;内外向(t=6.825,P0.05)、精神质(t=-5.239,P0.05)在母亲拒绝否认与感戴总分之间起部分中介效应。结论①人格特征、父母教养方式能够在一定程度上预测医学生的感恩水平;②人格的内外向,精神质因子在父母教养方式两个因子上与感戴总分之间起部分中介效应。     

高三毕业生人格测验分析

目的调查了解高三毕业生的人格特征及心理状态。方法对315名高三毕业生接受明尼苏达多相人格测验(MMPI)测查,将测验分数与常模比较,并分析差异产生的原因。结果 1男生与女生在Hs、D、Hy、Pd、Pa、Pt、Sc这7个因子上的平均分都高于60分。与常模相比,男生F、Hs、Pa、Sc、Ma低于常模水平(t=-24.565,-4.068,-12.274,-10.918,-9.539;P均0.01),K、D、Hy高于常模水平(t=7.231、9.606、9.187,P均0.01);女生F、Mf、Pa、Sc、Ma低于常模水平(t=-20.170、-8.777、-12.156、-9.362、-10.661;P均0.01),K、D、Hy、Pd、Si高于常模水平(t=9.935、8.466、11.820、3.394、3.947;P均0.01),差异均具有统计学意义;2高三毕业生Pd(精神病态)和Pt(精神衰弱)这两个因子的异常检出率最高,分别占66.7%和72.1%。结论高三毕业生存在一定的心理问题。     

The role of cognitive biases and personality variables in subclinical delusional ideation

Introduction. A number of cognitive biases, most notably a data gathering bias characterised by “jumping to conclusions” (JTC), and the “bias against disconfirmatory evidence” (BADE), have been shown to be associated with delusions and subclinical delusional ideation. Certain personality variables, particularly “openness to experience”, are thought to be associated with schizotypy.

Methods. Using structural equation modelling, we examined the association between two higher order subfactors (“aspects”) of “openness to experience” (labelled “openness” and “intellect”), these cognitive biases, and their relationship to subclinical delusional ideation in 121 healthy, nonpsychiatric controls.

Results. Our results suggest that cognitive biases (specifically the data gathering bias and BADE) and the “openness” aspect are independently associated with subclinical delusional ideation, and the data gathering bias is weakly associated with “positive schizotypy”. “Intellect” is negatively associated with delusional ideation and might play a potential protective role.

Conclusions. Cognitive biases and personality are likely to be independent risk factors for the development of delusions.     

Attachment-related psychodynamics

Because there has been relatively little communication and cross-fertilization between the two major lines of research on adult attachment, one based on coded narrative assessments of defensive processes, the other on simple self-reports of ‘attachment style’ in close relationships, we here explain and review recent work based on a combination of self-report and other kinds of method, including behavioral observations and unconscious priming techniques. The review indicates that considerable progress has been made in testing central hypotheses derived from attachment theory and in exploring unconscious, psychodynamic processes related to affect-regulation and attachment-system activation. The combination of self-report assessment of attachment style and experimental manipulation of other theoretically pertinent variables allows researchers to test causal hypotheses. We present a model of normative and individual-difference processes related to attachment and identify areas in which further research is needed and likely to be successful. One long-range goal is to create a more complete theory of personality built on attachment theory and other object relations theories.     

产后抑郁症患者认知模式与人格特质

目的探讨产后抑郁症患者(PPD)认知模式、人格特质的特点及两者之间的关系。方法采用自动思维问卷(ATQ)、功能失调性态度问卷(DAS)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)对389名产后3～7天的产妇进行测查。结果①在389名调查者中,产后抑郁症患者147例(37.8%);②产后抑郁症患者与产后非抑郁产妇的ATQ总分和DAS总分差异有统计学意义(t=10.271,4.993;P<0.001);产后抑郁症患者与产后非抑郁产妇DAS的7个因子脆弱性、完美化、强制性、寻求赞许、依赖性、自主性态度、认知哲学得分差异均有统计学意义(t=2.736,4.082,2.826,3.736,3.321,2.649,2.924;P<0.01);③产后抑郁症患者和产后非抑郁产妇的精神质(P)、内外倾(E)、神经质(N)、和说谎(L)4个量表的得分差异均有统计学意义(t=3.990,2.052,11.154,4.038;P<0.01);④产后抑郁症患者的精神质与ATQ总分,认知哲学呈正相关(r=0.276,0.223;P<0.01);说谎与ATQ总分呈负相关(r=-0.252,P<0.01);内外倾与脆弱性、自主性态度呈负相关(r=-0.144,-0.167;P<0.05),神经质与ATQ总分、吸引/排斥呈正相关(r=0.369,0.183;P<0.05);⑤精神质和神经质可以预测产后抑郁症患者的自动思维,建立的回归方程为:ATQ=3.959+0.705×TN+0.329×TP。结论产后抑郁症患者存在歪曲认知;产妇的人格特质与抑郁的发生关系密切,对自动思维具有预测作用。     

军队医院住院医师睡眠质量的心理社会因素

目的调查驻军中心医院住院医师的睡眠质量及心理社会影响因素。方法应用整群覆盖调查方式,以匹兹堡睡眠指数量表(PSQI)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、生活事件量表(LES)、应付方式量表、社会支持量表(SSRS)对被试群体进行调查,结果以成组t检验、多元逐步回归分析方式进行统计学处理。结果①PSQI:被试群体中44.50%存在睡眠障碍,睡眠障碍组7个因子及总分均显著高于中国常模(t=4.218～36.477,P<0.01);②EPQ:睡眠障碍组内外向(t=2.531,P<0.05)极显著低于非睡眠障碍组,而神经质分(t=3.213,P<0.01)极显著高于后者;③LES:睡眠障碍组在"家庭问题"(t=2.398,P<0.05)、"正性事件"(t=2.617,P<0.01)、"负性事件"(t=2.617,P<0.01)、"生活事件总和"(t=2.777,P<0.05)4项得分均显著高于非睡眠障碍组;④应付方式问卷:睡眠障碍组在"解决问题"(t=3.293,P<0.01)、"求助"(t=3.105,P<0.01)2项得分显著低于非睡眠障碍组,而在"自责"(t=3.105,P<0.01)、"幻想"(t=3.216,P<0.01)、"回避"(t=3.163,P<0.01)、"合理化"(t=2.963,P<0.01)4项得分显著高于后者;⑤SSRS:睡眠障碍组在"客观支持"(t=5.544,P<0.01)、"主观支持"(t=3.265,P<0.01)、"支持利用度"(t=6.366,P<0.01)、"总分"(t=2.456,P<0.05)4项得分均显著低于非睡眠障碍组;⑥PSQI的影响因素:所有入选因素中,以"神经质"对因变量的出现频率最高,其次为"负性事件"、"客观支持"、"幻想",而"解决问题"为唯一的保护性因素。结论军队医院住院医师的睡眠障碍严重,且与情绪不稳定性、高生活事件数量、不成熟应对方式、社会支持程度缺乏等因素密切相关。