Using microemulsion formulations for oral drug delivery of therapeutic peptides

Peptide drugs are increasingly becoming a very important class of therapeutic agents with the rapid advances in the field of biotechnology engineering. However, these drugs are generally not suitable for oral administration. In this review, the main physico-chemical and biopharmaceutical characteristics of peptides are summarized. The obstacles to peptide drug absorption and the different possibilities for solving these difficulties are listed. Results using this formulation approach for oral drug delivery of peptides are apparently promising with some specific peptides such as cyclosporin. Various mechanisms are only beginning to be understood and further investigations need to be performed in this area to explain the results obtained with some peptides.     

反刍动物小肽的营养研究进展

肽作为蛋白质的主要消化产物，在氨基酸消化、吸收和代谢中起着重要作用。本文通过对反刍动物小肽的产生与降解、小肽的吸收与营养以及肽的调控技术等方面情况的综述，勾画出了当前反刍动物营养学研究领域内肽营养的研究现状与发展方向。     

TGFα和EGF对前列腺癌细胞系EGFR表达的调控作用

目的：探讨转化生长因子（TGF）α和表皮生长因子（EGF）对前列腺癌细胞系中表皮生长子受体（EGFR）表达的调控作用。方法：采用RT－PCR和Western印迹法分别对TGFα和EGF刺激前列腺癌细胞系LNCaP、PC3、ARCaP后EGFR mRNA表达及其蛋白水平进行定量分析。结果：EGF引起前列腺癌细胞系LNCaP、PC3、ARCaP的EGFR mRNA升高2－5倍,TGFα引起各细胞系EGFR mRNA升高2－10倍。TGFα使各细胞系EGFR不同程度升高;EGF处理的LNCaP EGFR蛋白水平略升高,PC3、ARCaP EGFR蛋白水平降低。结论：TGF／EGF-EGFR通路在前列腺癌发生发展中起重要作用;非依赖型前列腺癌中TGFα－EGFR自分泌环的作用可能强于EGF－EGFR自分泌环。     

普萘洛尔及其对映体血药浓度对血浆心钠素水平的影响

本文研究８名健康志愿者口服单剂量普萘洛尔（４０ｍｇ）和１２名健康志愿者口服多剂量普萘洛尔（８０ｍｇ／ｄａｙ×３）后；静息状态和踏车兴奋状态时血浆心钠素（ＡＮＰ）水平的变化。口服单剂量普萘洛尔后３ｈ，静息状态时血浆ＡＮＰ水平升高１９．４±１１．１ｎｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）；而运动状态时血浆ＡＮＰ升高更为明显，为６４．８±４０．９ｎｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。血浆ＡＮＰ的变化与普萘洛尔对映体Ｓ（－）－ＰＰＬ和Ｒ（＋）－ＰＰＬ浓度均具有良好的线性相关性，相关系数分别为０．８５６３和０．７１９２。口服多剂量普萘洛尔停药后１２ｈ，血浆ＡＮＰ仍可维持较高水平，较基础对照值升高３９．９±２８．３ｎｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。此结果提示，普萘洛尔参与了血浆ＡＮＰ水平的调控，这种作用尚难以用β肾上腺素能效应进行解释，可能与抑制ＡＮＰ的体内降解过程有关。     

人可溶性B淋巴细胞刺激因子结合小肽的筛选及其免疫抑制功能分析

目的筛选和鉴定B淋巴细胞刺激因子(BLyS)的抑制性小肽。方法用重组人BLyS筛选噬菌体构象型7肽库、人工合成小肽鉴定其免疫抑制功能。结果经过筛选，得到两个阳性噬菌体克隆．人工合成的两个小肽在体外能特异性地抑制BLyS刺激细胞增生的活性。结论获得了两个能够抑制BLyS功能的小肽。     

Further isolation and characterization of grammistins from the skin secretion of the soapfish Grammistes sexlineatus.

Soapfishes contain peptide toxins (grammistins) in the skin secretion. Two grammistins (Gs 1 and Gs 2) and six grammistins (Pp 1, Pp 2a, Pp 2b, Pp 3, Pp 4a and Pp 4b) have already been isolated from Grammistes sexlineatus and Pogonoperca punctata, respectively. In this study, five grammistins (Gs A-E), together with grammistins Gs 1 and Gs 2, were further isolated from G. sexlineatus by gel filtration and reverse-phase HPLC. Sequence analyses revealed that grammistins Gs A (28 residues) and Gs C (26 residues) are analogous to grammistin Pp 3 and grammistin Gs B (12 residues) to grammistin Pp 1, while grammistins Gs D (13 residues) and Gs E (13 residues) are identical with grammistins Pp 1 and Pp 2b, respectively. Grammistins Gs A-C exhibited antibacterial activity with a broad spectrum against nine species of bacteria in common with the other grammistins but had no hemolytic activity differing from the other grammistins. Grammistins Gs A-E, Gs 1 and Gs 2 could release carboxyfluorescein entrapped within liposomes made of either phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylglycerol/phosphatidylcholine (3:1), demonstrating their membrane-lytic activity. However, no clear relationship between the membrane-lytic activity and the biological activity of grammistins was recognized.     

Glycine‐modified growth hormone secretagogues identified in seized doping material

A number of unknown pharmaceutical preparations seized by Danish customs authorities were submitted for liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS) analysis. Comparison with reference standards unequivocally identified the content of the powders as analogs of the growth hormone secretagogues GHRP‐2 (Pralmorelin), GHRP‐6, Ipamorelin, and modified growth hormone releasing factor (modified GRF 1–29), which can be used as performance‐enhancing substances in sports. In all cases, the detected modification involved the addition of an extra glycine amino acid at the N‐terminus, and analytical methods targeting growth hormone secretagogues should hence be updated accordingly.     

Emergence in Cx knockout mice of a diverse cytotoxic T lymphocyte repertoire that recognizes a single peptide from the immunoglobulin constant x light chain region

Allotype- or idiotype-specific CD4⁺ T cells have been reported to recognize immunoglobulin (Ig) peptides presented by class II molecules. In contrast, few data are available concerning the generation of Ig peptide-specific CD8⁺ T cells. We have therefore investigated whether T-depleted spleen cells from Ig x light chain-expressing 129/Sv mice (129x^+/+) could induce, in Cx knockout mice (129 x^?/?), the generation of Ig constant x light chain region (Cx)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The determination of TCRβ chain expressed by nine CTL clones, together with the use of a library of overlapping peptides spanning the whole Cx sequence, show that the B cells from x^+/+ mice are able to elicit in Cx knockout mice, the emergence of a diverse CTL repertoire that recognizes one single Cx peptide presented by the H-2K^b class I molecule. In addition, these data support the notion that B cells are able to process and present on their class I molecules, peptides generated from their own x light chains.     

胸腔镜与蛋白指纹图谱技术在胸腔积液诊断中的应用

目的 探讨胸腔镜与蛋白指纹图谱检测技术（PFT）,在恶性和结核性胸腔积液早期诊断中的作用。 方法 2009年1月至2010年12月福建省福州肺科医院住院经影像学检查发现有胸腔积液,经内科胸腔镜检查、病理学（或细菌学）、胸腔积液蛋白指纹图谱检测临床确诊的121例住院患者,选择无其他并存病,经胸腔镜检测病理确诊的恶性胸腔积液患者30例（Ⅰ组）和结核性胸腔积液患者50例（Ⅱ组）,同时进行胸腔积液蛋白指纹图谱检测,分析其相关蛋白峰值并进行统计学处理。 结果 Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组行蛋白指纹图谱检测,两组间有7个差异蛋白峰（分别为5335、8048、11 700、11 670、15 982、11 683、7700 m/z）,依据蛋白峰值表达情况,以11 670、11 700 m/z的蛋白峰用于建立恶性胸腔积液诊断模型,诊断Ⅰ组阳性率达83.3%（25/30）,Ⅱ组为24.0%(12/50),两组差异有显著统计学意义（χ²=26.55,P<0.01）,倾向于判定恶性胸腔积液;其敏感度为83.3%（25/30）,特异度为76.0%（38/50）;以5335、8048 m/z用于建立结核性胸腔积液诊断模型,2种蛋白峰建立Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组的鉴别诊断模型结果,诊断Ⅰ组阳性率达16.7%（5/30）,Ⅱ组为52.0%(26/50),两组差异有显著统计学意义（χ²=9.86,P<0.01）,倾向于判定结核性胸深积液;其敏感度为52.0%（26/50）,特异度为83.3%（25/30）。 结论 胸液蛋白指纹图谱检测技术简便、快速,是鉴别结核性与恶性胸腔积液特异性标志物的有效手段,但尚需在判读方法上做进一步深入研究。     

Antigenic and immunogenic mimicry of the HER2/neu oncoprotein by phage-displayed peptides

To recover peptides that antigenically and immunogenically mimic the p185^HER2 oncoprotein, we selected the phage-peptide libraries pVIII-9aa and pVIII-9aa. Cys using murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) MGr2 and MGr6, directed against two distinct epitopes of the p185^HER2 extracellular domain. Phagedisplayed peptides containing consensus amino acid motifs were recovered and shown to compete specifically for mAb binding on tumor cells that overexpress p185^HER2. The deduced amino acid sequence of the peptides suggests that both epitopes defined by the mAb on p185^HER2 are discontinuous and that hydrophobic interactions are involved in binding with the mAb. A phage clone displaying the GPLDSLFAQ peptide elicited a specific immune response against the p185^HER2 in BALB/c mice, demonstrating that this phage-displayed peptide represents an immunological equivalent of the MGr2 epitope on p185^HER2 and might be used as a substitute for this oncoprotein in in vitro and in vivo immunological studies.