Association between Olfactory Receptors and Skin Physiology

Olfactory receptors are chemosensory receptors that detect odorants and function in the initial perception of a smell. Intriguingly, olfactory receptors are also expressed in cells other than olfaction sensory cells, an expression pattern termed ectopic expression. Ectopically expressed olfactory receptors have a distinct role depending on the type of tissues or cells in which they are expressed. This review introduces current research on the ectopic expression and function of olfactory receptors in skin and provides insight into directions for future research.     

Nucleus of the tractus solitarius projections to the olfactory tubercle: An HRP study

Labelled cells were found in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) after horseradish peroxidase injections in the olfactory tubercle (OT) of the rat. These results suggest a direct pathway from the NTS to the OT. The importance of this pathway in a neural circuit related to autonomic functions is discussed.     

Kindling Susceptibility and Genetic Seizure Predisposition in Inbred Mice

Olfactory bulb kindling rates were studied in two inbred strains of genetically seizure-prone mice (DBA/2 and El) and in three non-epileptic inbred strains [C57BL/6 (B6), ddY, and C3H/He (C3H)]. None of the DBA/2 mice had been stimulated to seizure before or during the kindling and all mice were studied at 4-6 weeks of age, before development of spontaneous or movement-induced seizure activity in the El strain. The audiogenically seizure-susceptible DBA/2 mice required the fewest number of stimulations to reach stage 5 seizure (mean +/- SE = 4.0 +/- 0.6). The nonepileptic C3H mice required the most stimulations to reach stage 5 seizures (22.6 +/- 1.4). Kindling rates for B6 (9.6 +/- 0.6), El (14.8 +/- 1.1), and ddY (18.5 +/- 1.0) strains were intermediate, and the kindling rate for each strain was significantly different from that of the other strains. These findings show that the seizure-susceptible El mouse kindles more rapidly than the genetically similar but nonepileptic ddY control and suggest that an inherited seizure susceptibility accelerates the kindling rate. Nonepileptic B6 mice kindled more rapidly than El mice, however, suggesting that genetic factors other than those that influence seizure susceptibility are of primary importance in the determination of the kindling rate.     

Troglitazone对高糖和LPS诱导的人肾小球mPGEs蛋白表达的抑制作用

目的：研究PPAR-γ激动剂troglitazone对LPS或高浓度葡萄糖作用的体外培养的人肾小球mPGEs蛋白表达水平的影响。方法：用LPS或高浓度葡萄糖分别与不同浓度troglitazone作用体外培养的人肾小球,ELISA法检测上清液中mPGEs浓度。结果：LPS(10 μg/ml) 或5%葡萄糖均可使体外培养的人肾小球mPGEs明显增高。10～20 nmol/L的troglitazone可明显抑制LPS(10 μg/ml)和5%葡萄糖诱导的大鼠系膜细胞mPGEs蛋白表达水平的增高(P<0.05)。结论：LPS和5%葡萄糖可诱导体外培养的人肾小球mPGEs蛋白表达水平明显增高,PPAR-γ激动剂troglitazone可明显抑制两者所诱导的体外培养的人肾小球mPGEs蛋白表达水平的增高。     

Main causes and diagnostic evaluation in patients with primary complaint of olfactory disturbances

IntroductionEstablishing a diagnosis in patients with olfactory disturbances has always been challenging for physicians.One reason for this is the rarity of some of the diseases that affect this sense, such as Kallmann's syndrome and post-viral olfactory loss.ObjectiveTo identify the major causes of olfactory disturbances and to describe the diagnostic evaluation in outpatients attended to at an ambulatory clinic specialized in olfaction disorders.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed in outpatients with primary olfactory complaint attended to between June 1, 2011 and September 30, 2013 in a center specialized in olfactory disorders. Patient history, nasofibroscopy, and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) comprised the examination.ResultsSixty-two patients were evaluated. The major causes were chronic rhinosinusitis (31%); rhinitis, primarily the allergic type (19%); post-viral olfactory loss (13%); and post-traumatic loss (8%). UPSIT scores were statistically different among different etiologies (p = 0.01).ConclusionsThe major diagnoses that should be part of the physician assessment when a patient complains of olfactory disturbance are chronic rhinosinusitis with and without polyps, allergic rhinitis, post-viral olfactory loss, and post-traumatic loss.     

Olfactory disorder in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2

Three (60%) of five patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had olfactory disorder. Two exhibited anosmia at the onset of COVID-19, while one had hyposmia 4 days after the onset of COVID-19. All patients with olfactory disorder were completely recovered with a mean recovery length of 11.3 days.     

A systematic review of smell alterations after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer

PurposeTo review the current knowledge on radiotherapy associated olfactory dysfunction among head and neck cancer (HNC) patients.MethodsA systematic review of RT-related olfactory dysfunction in HNC was performed. Searches were conducted in several databases (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, CAB Abstracts, SCOPUS, Proquest Dissertations and Theses, PROSPERO, ALLEBM Reviews – Cochrane DSR, ACP Journal Club, DARE, CCTR, CMR, HTA, and NHSEED). Publications investigating olfactory dysfunction as an explicit side effect of Radiotherapy (RT, or RT-chemo or RT-monoclonal antibodies) were eligible, no limits were applied.ResultsTwo hundred and twenty-nine papers were screened and 23 met inclusion criteria.ConclusionsOdor detection, identification and discrimination are olfactory functions impaired after RT for HNC. An RT dose–effect has been calculated for odor identification and odor discrimination. There were no studies of the effect of olfactory dysfunction on weight loss or energy intake among RT-treated HNC patients. To improve our understanding of RT associated olfactory dysfunction among HNC patients, future studies should include a multi-dimensional assessment of olfactory function in a longitudinal design, track other conditions affecting olfaction, assess retronasal olfactory perception, adopt validated self-report tools and explore the impact of olfactory dysfunction on the eating experience of HNC patients.     

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??Proteinuria is the most common manifestations of pediatric renal diseases. During the development and process of proteinuria??podocytes have played a very important role. A growing number of podocyte-related molecules have been confirmed to be associated with the molecular mechanisms of proteinuria. However??there are few studies focusing on the role of podocyte-related molecules in the diagnosis and treatment of proteinuria. Due to the lack of real transformation from bench to bed situation??the present paper will discuss the role of podocyte in the monitoring and treatment of proteinuria based on the podocytes’ role in mechanisms of proteinuria.