鼻腔嗅神经母细胞瘤6例报告

目的 :探讨鼻腔嗅神经母细胞瘤的临床表现、病理、诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗。方法 :诊治鼻腔嗅神经母细胞瘤 6例 ,B期 4例 ,C期 2例 ,均行手术加放射治疗。结果 :B期患者 2年生存率 5 0 % ,3年生存率2 5 %。C期患者 2年生存率 5 0 % ,5年生存率 5 0 %。结论 :鼻腔嗅神经母细胞瘤B、C期患者手术加放疗是最佳的治疗方案     

Influences of olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation on axonal regeneration in spinal cord of adult rats

Objective: To observe whether offactory ensheathing cells could be used to promote axonal regeneration in a slmntaneously nonregenerating system. Methods: After laminectomy at the lower thoracic level, the spinal cords of adult rats were exposed and completely transected at T10. A suspension of ensheathing cells was injected into the lesion site in 12 adult rats, and control D/F-12 (1:1 mixture of DMEM and Ham‘s F-12) was injected in 12 adult rats. Six weeks and ten weeks after cell transplantation, the rats were evaluated by climbing test and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) monitoring. The samples were procured and studied with histologiel and immounohistochemical methods. Results: At the 6th week after cell transplantation,d the rats in both the transplanted and control groups were paraplegic and the MEPs could not be recorded. At the 10th week after cell transplantation, of 7 rats in the control group, 2 rats had muscles‘ contraction of the lower extremities, 2 rats had hips and/or knees‘ active movement; and 5 rats‘ MEPs could be recorded in the hind limbs in the transplanted group ( n = 7). None of the rats in the control group had functional improvement and no MEPs recorded ( n = 7 ). Numerous regenerating axons were observed through the transplantation and continued to regenerate into the denervated host tract. Cell labelling using anti-Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) and anti-Nerve Growth Factor Receptor (anti-NGFR) indicated that the regenerated axons were derived from the appropriate neuronal source and that donor cells migrated into the denervated host tract. But axonal degeneration existed and regenerating axons were not observed within the spinalcords of the adult rats with only D/F-12 injection. Conclusions: The axonal regeneration in the transected adult rat spinal cord is possible after eusheathing cells transplantation.     

Glomerular eNOS gene expression during postnatal maturation and AT1 receptor inhibition

Glomerular maturation increases from immature superficial to advanced juxtamedullary nephrons, while nephrogenesis continues postnatally in porcine kidneys. Endothelial NOS, eNOS, shows significant postnatal renal developmental regulation, perhaps mediated by Angiotensin II (AII). The objective was to compare eNOS mRNA gene expression between superficial and juxtamedullary glomeruli obtained from piglets and adult pigs utilizing laser capture microdissection during basal conditions and, to determine the role of the AII AT1 receptor, AT1, after chronic AT1 inhibition (AT1X) with candesartan. Superficial glomerular eNOS expression was lowest in newborns (NB) and at 7 days, and was highest in 14, 21 day old piglets and adults. Juxtamedullary glomerular eNOS, while similar in NB, 14, 21 day and adult, dipped to the lowest level at 7 days. Juxtamedullary glomerular eNOS expression in the NB was 7 fold greater than in superficial glomeruli. AT1X did not change eNOS expression in adult glomeruli. AT1X significantly reduced NB eNOS expression in both superficial, 90 ± 10%, and juxtamedullary glomeruli, 89 ± 5% respectively. In conclusion, eNOS gene expression demonstrates significant differences between NB superficial and juxtamedullary glomeruli, significant postnatal developmental regulation of both glomerular locations, and this expression may be mediated in the NB by AII via the AT1 receptor.     

Galanin expressed in the excitatory fibers attenuates synaptic strength and generalized seizures in the piriform cortex of mice

The neuropeptide galanin is considered to be an endogenous antiepileptic agent, presumably acting via inhibition of glutamate release. Previously, we have demonstrated that in mice ectopically overexpressing galanin in cortical and hippocampal neurons, particularly in granule cells and their axons, the mossy fibers, hippocampal kindling epileptogenesis is suppressed and is associated with attenuated frequency facilitation in mossy fiber-CA3 cell synapses. We hypothesized that changes in synaptic transmission might occur also in other excitatory synapses of the galanin overexpressing (GalOE) mouse, contributing to seizure suppression. Lateral olfactory tract (LOT) synapses, formed by axons of olfactory bulb (OB) mitral cells and targeting piriform cortex (PC) pyramidal cells, ectopically express galanin in GalOE mice. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we found that excitatory synaptic responses recorded in PC pyramidal cells during high frequency stimulation of the LOT were attenuated in GalOE mice as compared to wild-type controls. This effect was mimicked by bath application of galanin or its agonist galnon to wild-type slices, supporting the notion of ectopic galanin action. Since the high frequency activation induced in vitro resembles epileptic seizures in vivo, we asked whether the observed synaptic inhibition would result in altered epileptogenesis when animals were kindled via the same synapses. In male GalOE mice, we found that the latency to convulsions was prolonged, and once animals had experienced the first stage 5 seizure, generalized seizures were less sustainable. These data indicate that the PC is a possible target for epilepsy treatment by ectopically overexpressing galanin to modulate seizure activity.     

神经内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路治疗巨大嗅沟脑膜瘤

目的探讨神经内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路治疗巨大嗅沟脑膜瘤的手术效果及手术技巧。方法采用内镜辅助、眶上锁孔入路（显微手术）治疗12例巨大（≥7cm）嗅沟脑膜瘤。结果肿瘤全切除9例（SimpsonⅠ级切除5例，Ⅱ级切除4例），次全切除（SimpsonⅢ级切除）3例。无手术死亡。10例随访3个月～2年，平均14个月。9例恢复正常生活，1例生活能自理。NRI随访9例，肿瘤无复发。结论利用神经内镜辅助及显微外科技术，采用眶上锁孔入路、对肿瘤进行分块切除治疗巨大嗅沟脑膜瘤，手术创伤小，疗效满意。     

嗅神经髓鞘细胞移植促进大鼠横断脊髓轴突再生的研究

目的;观察嗅神经髓鞘细胞（OECs)对脊髓轴突再生的促进作用。方法：将分离,纯化与体外培养2周的SD大鼠OECs,移植于12只成年SD大鼠第10胸椎横断模型的脊髓两断端;8只对照动物注入DMEM／F12培养基,移植后2周和8周进行神经嗜银染色与髓磷脂碱性蛋白（MBP）组织化学和神经生长因子受体（NGFR）免疫组织化学研究。结果：OECs移植组2周后脊髓两端在形态学上呈现初步愈合现象,组织学观察显示,移植OECs与损伤脊髓组织整合良好,再生轴突长入断端组织,8周时再生轴安全检查明显增多,OECs与再生轴突均呈MBP和NGFR阳性表达。对照组两断端液化坏死,未见再生轴突。结论：OECs移植可保护损伤的脊髓并促进宿主脊髓轴突再生。     

嗅鞘细胞移植在大鼠脊髓损伤处能够迁移和促进神经轴突生长吗?

目的：探讨嗅鞘细胞（olfactory ensheathing cells,OEC）移植在大鼠损伤脊髓后是否有独特的迁移和轴突生长导向特性。方法：将表达绿色荧光蛋白基因的OEC注入到C4脊髓损伤大鼠距离损伤部位头端1mm及尾端1mm背柱白质处,注射后1、3、12、24h及3、7、28d灌注固定取材,冰冻切片和免疫组化分析。用骨髓基质细胞和成纤维细胞移植到同样的损伤部位做为对照进行同样的分析。另将OEC注射到距离损伤部位头尾侧1mm处脊髓灰质内、小剂量注射在白质内、在损伤前3d或损伤后9d注射、注射到未损伤脊髓白质中,观察细胞迁移情况。结果：OEC在细胞注射后1h内即形成由注射压力造成的从注射部位向损伤处的被动性延伸带,并且不断地从注射部位向损伤处延伸扩散,在形态学方面好象起到＂桥接＂损伤处的作用。对照组骨髓基质细胞和成纤维细胞注射后也迅速形成细胞＂桥接＂带,并扩散至损伤空腔。将OEC注射到脊髓灰质内或小剂量注射或注射到未损伤的脊髓白质内、在脊髓损伤3d前或9d后注射细胞均没有见到细胞带延伸进入损伤部位。OEC在注射部位、细胞带以及损伤部位有增殖现象。28d后,共焦免疫酶标法证实细胞带取代了脊髓原有星形胶质细胞,但是下行或上行长束轴突没有优先延伸至该细胞带,也没能起到维持皮层脊髓轴突的桥接作用。结论：OEC在植入大鼠损伤脊髓后没有独特的迁移特性,与骨髓基质细胞或成纤维细胞相比没有明显促进轴突生长的作用,也没有支持皮层脊髓轴突在脊髓损伤处形成桥接的作用。     

嗅觉障碍与神经系统变性疾病

神经系统变性疾病是以“特定功能的神经核团萎缩及神经细胞丢失”为病理基础的一组疾病,呈慢性进行性发展.这类疾病包括十余种:阿尔茨海默病(AD)、帕金森病(PD)、脊髓小脑性共济失调、运动神经元病、亨廷顿病(Huntington Disease,HD)、路易体痴呆等.这类疾病的发病早期对患者日常生活并无大的影响,一般不会引起患者的重视,等到影响患者工作或生活时大多发展到了疾病中晚期,已错过了最佳的治疗阶段.加之,这类疾病的中晚期治疗效果不佳,更多的研究由对疾病的治疗开始转向对疾病早期的识别,来达到减缓或逆转该类疾病对脑功能的损害.近几年,有研究认为许多变性病变患者在这些疾病早期就存在嗅觉缺失症状,嗅觉障碍出现在该类疾病典型临床症状出现之前,被看做是退行性疾病早期信号.     

嗅鞘细胞移植对急性脊髓损伤修复作用的实验研究

目的：研究嗅鞘细胞(OEG)的培养及其对大鼠脊髓挫伤加横断伤的修复作用。方法：用新生Wistar大鼠嗅球(OB)做OEG培养，OEG植入挫伤加横断伤的大鼠脊髓内(A组)，设立注入DMEM培养液(B组)和单纯椎板切除(C组)的对照组。观察术后动物脊髓功能恢复情况。术后3个月取材，了解脊髓再生情况和双笨亚甲胺(Hoechst)标记的OEG在体内存活情况。结果：(1)手术4周后，BBB运动功能得分A组均高于B组。(2)在脊髓损伤区及其周围，神经纤维A组数量多于B组，均少于C组。(3)Hoechst标记的OEG大量存在于A组脊髓损伤段周围。结论：OEG移植具有明显促进脊髓挫伤加横断伤神经纤维再生和功能恢复的作用。     

嗅鞘细胞经低能激光照射后移植对大鼠脊髓损伤神经功能修复的影响

目的 探讨嗅鞘细胞(OECs)经低能激光照射(LPLI)后移植对大鼠脊髓横断损伤后功能修复的影响. 方法 24只SD大鼠T<,12>脊髓完全横断伤模型建模4周后,随机分为OECs移植组、经LPLI的OECs的移植组和空白对照组(DMEM培养液),应用BBB评分法、组织学评价以及Flurogold逆行示踪评价各组脊髓损伤的修复情况. 结果三组大鼠不同移植方式以及评分时间点对移植后下肢功能BBB评分结果的影响差异均有统计学意义(P=0.000),且组间差异均有统计学意义(P=0.000).经LPLI的OECs移植组大鼠头尾侧均可见NGFRp75阳性及GFAP阳性的OECs,OECs移植组则仅可见GFAP阳性的OECs,空白对照组未见NGFRp75阳性及GFAP阳性的OECs.OECs移植组和经LPLI的OECs移植组大鼠头尾侧及瘢痕区均可见Flurogold标记的神经纤维穿行,空白对照组未见Flurogold标记的神经纤维穿行. 结论 OECs及经LPLI的OECs均可促进损伤脊髓的功能恢复,OECs经LPLI后可能更具有促进损伤脊髓功能恢复的作用.