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11.
Olfactory stimulation evokes a column of activity within the olfactory bulb extending from the glomerular layer to the granule cell layer that can be visualized with 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography, optical imaging, Fos protein immunohistochemistry and c-fos mRNA in situ hybridization. The Fos response to odors is typified by the activity of relatively few juxtaglomerular cells, which often occur in foci, and a large number of granule cells extending through much of the bulb. In this study, we characterized the granule cell response to an odor for which young rats had acquired a preference. Fos-like immunoreactive granule cells were quantified by image analysis, and densely stained cells were counted in a region previously shown to be responsive to peppermint odor. We found that odor-trained pups have about half the number of Fos-immunopositive superficial granule cells which respond to a learned odor than do control pups. We then determined whether there was a correlation between the juxtaglomerular cell response and the response of the superficial granule cells deep to those glomerular layer cells. We found a positive correlation between the number of juxtaglomerular cells and the number of granule cells demonstrating Fos immunoreactivity in both control and trained pups, a relationship that changed with early olfactory training. 相似文献
12.
Laska M Fendt M Wieser A Endres T Hernandez Salazar LT Apfelbach R 《Physiology & behavior》2005,84(2):211-215
2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT) is a volatile component of the anal gland secretion of the red fox and elicits behavioral and physiological fear responses in the rat. Using instrumental conditioning paradigms, we determined olfactory detection thresholds for TMT in three rats, a natural prey species of the red fox, and compared their performance to that of three squirrel monkeys, three spider monkeys and four pigtail macaques, all non-prey species of the red fox. We found that the rats were able to discriminate concentrations between 0.04 and 0.10 ppt (parts per trillion) of TMT from the odorless solvent which is by far the lowest olfactory detection threshold for an odorant reported in rats so far. In contrast, the spider monkeys needed 0.14-1.38 ppb (parts per billion), the pigtail macaques 0.41-4.07 ppb, and the squirrel monkeys 4.07-13.80 ppb to detect TMT which does not rank among the lowest olfactory thresholds reported for these three primate species. Thus, these results support the assumption that the behavioral relevance of an odorant may be an important determinant of a species' olfactory sensitivity. 相似文献
13.
Rodriguez-Gömez FJ Rendön-Unceta MC Sarasquete C Muñoz-Cueto JA 《Journal of chemical neuroanatomy》2000,19(1):235-32
The localization of catecholamines in the brain of the Senegalese sole was determined by immunohistochemical techniques using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase. Although the general pattern of distribution of catecholamines is consistent with that reported in other teleosts, some remarkable differences are observed. The most rostral tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) cells were identified in the olfactory bulbs, in which a clear asymmetry in the number and location of TH-ir perikarya and fibers was observed. The number of TH-ir cells is manifestly higher in the right olfactory bulb, especially in the internal cell layer. TH-ir fibers are also much more abundant in the right bulb, principally in the glomerular and internal cell layers. Other TH-ir cell masses were identified in the ventral telencephalon, preoptic area, caudoventral hypothalamus, posterior tuberculum, synencephalon, isthmic region and rhombencephalon. Surprisingly, no ir cell bodies were identified in the ventromedial thalamic nucleus, which exhibits a large number of TH-ir cells in other teleosts. The presence of TH-ir fibers in the brain of sole is particularly evident within and around the nuclei in which immunoreactive cells are found. However, other zones such as the dorsal telencephalon, posterior commissure, optic tectum, torus semicircularis, reticular formation or inferior olive also displayed TH-ir fibers. TH-ir axons also enter the infundibulum, reaching the proximal pars distalis of the adenohypophysis. The distribution of TH-ir cells and fibers is compared with that observed in other teleosts and is discussed in a comparative context. 相似文献
14.
Room P. Groenewegen H. J. Lohman A. H. M. 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1984,56(3):488-496
Summary The spatial organization and laminar distribution of projections from the olfactory bulb and the anterior (PPCa) and posterior (PPCp) divisions of the prepiriform cortex to the entorhinal cortex were studied with anterograde (3H-leucine) and retrograde (WGA-HRP) tracing techniques. After 3H-leucine injections into the olfactory bulb transported labeling was seen over the lateral entorhinal area, except its most medial part, and over the rostral part of the medial entorhinal area. The labeling covers exclusively layer Ia. The lateral and medial entorhinal areas are also reached by fibers from the prepiriform cortex. The projection to the medial entorhinal area has not been described previously. Following injections of 3H-leucine into the PPCa transported labeling is present over the entire expanse of the entorhinal cortex and is located over layer Ib with the greatest density in its superficial part. Injections of 3H-leucine into the PPCp give rise to transported labeling over much of the entorhinal cortex. No labeling was found over the most medial parts of the medial subdivision (VMEA) of the lateral entorhinal area and the medial entorhinal area. Labeling occupies layer Ib, especially its middle part, and layers II and III. Both PPCa and PPCp appear to project most heavily to the dorsal (DLEA) and ventral (VLEA) subdivisions of the lateral entorhinal area. From the retrograde experiments it can be inferred that cells of layers II and III of the PPCa project predominantly to the DLEA, whereas those of the PPCp project predominantly to the VLEA. The MEA receives its heaviest projection from layer II of both PPCa and PPCp. In control experiments with 3H-leucine injections into the endopiriform nucleus it was found that this nucleus projects to the entire expanse of the entorhinal cortex. The fibers distribute to all layers with the exception of layer Ia.Abbreviations AI
agranular insular cortex
- AL
lateral nucleus of the amygdala
- BL
basolateral nucleus of the amygdala
- BM
basomedial nucleus of the amygdala
- C
claustrum
- CoA
cortical nucleus of the amygdala
- DLEA
dorsal division of the lateral entorhinal cortex
- END
endopiriform nucleus
- H
hippocampus
- I
granular insular cortex
- lot
lateral olfactory tractus
- MCL
mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb
- MEA
medial entorhinal area
- OB
olfactory bulb
- PPCa
anterior part of the prepiriform nucleus
- PPCp
posterior part of the prepiriform nucleus
- VLEA
ventral division of the lateral entorhinal cortex
- VMEA
ventromedial division of the lateral entorhinal cortex
- 35
area 35 of the perirhinal cortex
- 36
area 36 of the perirhinal cortex 相似文献
15.
J. Leveteau I. Andriason P. Mac Leod 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1992,89(1):93-104
Summary Whether or not the frog olfactory neuroreceptor cells project bilaterally to the olfactory bulb is still a debated question. We therefore decided to ascertain whether bilateral projections of the primary olfactory input exist and if so to investigate their extent. Reproducible extracellular bilateral bulbar potentials were recorded in the frog following electrical stimulation of dorsal or ventral olfactory nerve bundles. The general features of the contralateral evoked responses were very similar to those of the ipsilateral response. The contralateral response disappeared after transection of the rostral part of the olfactory interbulbar adhesion but not following transection of the habenular or anterior commissures. Horseradish peroxidase labelling showed that the fiber terminations of the olfactory nerve bundle was not restricted to the ipsilateral olfactory bulb but included the medial aspects of the contralateral bulb. The intertelencephalic sections increased the magnitude of the ipsilateral evoked responses. Olfactory bulb isopotential maps revealed a rough topographical correspondence between the olfactory neuroepithelium and bulb along the medio-lateral axis as well as along the dorso-ventral axis. In addition, a projection of the medial and central part of the olfactory sac to the medial part of the contralateral olfactory bulb through the interbulbar adhesion was confirmed. These findings suggest first, that the fibers from the neuro-receptors located in either the ventral or the dorsal olfactory mucosae project to both olfactory bulbs, and second, that the left and right bulbs exert a constant inhibition on each other via the habenular commissure.Abbreviations AON
anterior olfactory nucleus
- ax
olfactory neuroreceptor axon
- BA
bulbar adhesion
- DI
latero-dorsal olfactory nerve bundle
- DII
centro-dorsal olfactory nerve bundle
- DIII
mediodorsal olfactory nerve bundle
- EPL
external plexiform layer
- GL
glomerular layer
- gl
glomerulus
- GRL
granular cell layer
- MOB
main olfactory bulb
- m
mitral cell
- MBL
mitral cell body layer
- ON
olfactory nerve
- V
lateral ventricule
- VI
latero-ventral ol-factory nerve bundle
- VII
centro-ventral olfactory nerve bundle
- VIII
medio-ventral olfactory nerve bundle
- VN
vomero-nasal nerve 相似文献
16.
A selective modulation of the olfactory bulb electrical activity in relation to the learning of palatability in hungry and satiated rats 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
J Pager 《Physiology & behavior》1974,12(2):189-195
We attempted to determine whether a neutral odor which had become palatable as a result of learning had also acquired the property of activating the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb of hungry rats to the same extent as the odor of their usual nutriment. Male Wistar rats have been accustomed for various times to eat, during a single daily meal, exclusively a synthetic diet, either flavoured or not with eucalyptol. The mitral cell multiunit electrical activity was recorded in chronically implanted hungry and satiated animals. It was shown that: (1) in the rats having received the flavoured diet for one month when grown up, eucalyptol behaved as a nonalimentary odor towards mitral cells; (2) in the rats having received the flavoured diet (already given to the mothers) from weaning to the test period, eucalyptol behaved as a food odor at the mitral cell level, but amyl acetate, a control odor, did not activate mitral cells in hungry animals; (3) the odor of the diet with or without eucalyptol activated mitral cells at first in hungry rats, and this property was reinforced, for either diet, by its consumption beginning early and maintained continuously. It was concluded that palatability is dynamically related to the animal's previous experience, and that its modifications induce various degrees of mitral activation in hungry rats. This property allowed an electrophysiological measure of odor palatability to be proposed. The results are discussed in relation to the behavioral and neurophysiological maturation of animals. 相似文献
17.
18.
JJ Favre Ph Chaffanjon JG Passagia JP Chirossel 《Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA》1995,17(2):133-138
Summary The authors report the results of a series of dissections and anatomic sections of the fronto-basal region of the brain and of the anterior cranial fossa in human cadavers. The constant presence of an arachnoidal cistern above the olfactory nerve was verified. The arachnoid separates from the pial membrane and forms a bridge with the ventral part of the olfactory bulb and tract, from the lateral edge of the olfactory sulcus to the medial edge of the gyrus rectus. The cistern is wide in its anterior portion, between the gyrus rectus and the olfactory bulb, and is reduced to a virtual slit in its posterior portion where the tract is lodged in the olfactory sulcus. The olfactory nerve can be separated without damaging fronto-basal arachnoidial adhesions over several centimeters. Dissection of this region after intravascular injection of colored media shows the constant presence of an artery destined to the olfactory bulb and tract. It originates either from the lateral surface of the anterior cerebral a. (segment A2), or from the medial fronto-basal a., and consistently provides terminal branches in front of the olfactory trigone in the medial olfactory sulcus. At their ventral extremity, the olfactory structures are therefore vascularised independently for several centimeters, from the lower face of the frontal lobe. The independent vascularisation of the olfactory nerve, the tenuous and easily detachable adhesions, and the actual presence of a true arachnoidal cistern all contribute to enabling surgical techniques which conserve olfactory function during anterior approaches.
Vascularisation du nerf olfactif. Rapports méningés et applications chirurgicales
Résumé Les auteurs rapportent les résultats d'une série de dissections et de coupes de la région fronto-basale de l'encéphale et de la fosse crânienne antérieure sur sujets cadavériques. La présence constante d'une citerne arachnoïdienne au dessus du n. olfactif a été vérifiée. L'arachnoïde se sépare du feuillet pial et passe en pont à la partie ventrale du bulbe et du tractus olfactifs, du bord latéral du sillon olfactif au bord médial du gyrus rectus. La citerne est large dans sa portion antérieure, entre le gyrus rectus et le bulbe olfactif, se réduit à une fente virtuelle postérieure lorsque le tractus se loge dans le sillon olfactif. Le n. olfactif peut être séparé sans dommage des adhérences arachnoïdiennes fronto-basales sur quelques centimètres. La dissection de cette région, après injection intravasculaire de masses colorées montre, de façon originale, la présence constante d'une artère destinée au tractus et au bulbe olfactifs. Elle naît soit de la face latérale de l'a. cérébrale antérieure (segment A2), soit de l'a. fronto-basale médiale, pour donner ses branches terminales toujours en avant du trigone olfactif dans le sillon orbitaire médial. Sur quelques centimètres à leur extrémité ventrale, les structures olfactives ont donc une vascularisation indépendante de la face inférieure du lobe frontal. L'indépendance vasculaire du n. olfactif, des adhérences ténues, facilement détachables, et la réalité vérifiée d'une véritable citerne arachnoïdienne permettent d'imaginer des techniques conservatrices de la fonction olfactive utilisées dans plusieurs indications de la chirurgie de la fosse crânienne antérieure.相似文献
19.
大鼠嗅球和鼻腔嗅粘膜成鞘细胞的形态学研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
目的:观察大鼠嗅神经成鞘细胞在嗅球和嗅粘膜的分布及其形态学结构特征,研究其与中枢神经再生的关系。方法:Luxol固蓝染色、Mallory染色和NGFRp75免疫组织化学染色结合透射电镜观察。结果:在嗅球纤维层的成鞘细胞随神经纤维呈纵向排列,在嗅小球层的成鞘细胞则围绕着嗅小球环行排列。在嗅粘膜的成鞘细胞位于柱状上皮深方,沿基底膜分布。成鞘细胞的胞体为细长梭形,有较长的突起,细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形。在嗅小球周围或嗅粘膜内的成鞘细胞呈NGFRp75免疫反应阳性。在电镜下,嗅球成鞘细胞的纵断面上可见其胞体呈长梭形,细胞核为不规则形,核仁清晰。在胞体的周围有大量的平行神经纤维纵向排列,在放大的横断面上,可见在1个成鞘细胞的细胞核周围有数根神经纤维被胞质包裹在一起。结论:嗅成鞘细胞是一种特殊的胶质细胞,分布于嗅球的纤维层、嗅小球层和嗅粘膜内。嗅神经成鞘细胞的胞体细长,有较长突起,其轴系膜紧密包裹成束的无髓神经纤维。 相似文献
20.
The formation of the nasal lining with its sensory and its nonsensitive respiratory epithelium requires a spatially ordered
pattern of cellular differentiation. Aiming at identifying cell recognition molecules that may be involved in cellular differentiation
steps, we applied a panel of antibodies to terminal carbohydrate sequences of the lactoseries on the developing chick olfactory
epithelium. This approach is based on the idea that these terminal sugar residues may be involved in certain steps of maturation.
Restricted expression of three epitopes NALA, HNK-1, and CD15 was observed in olfactory receptor neurons. The first immature
olfactory receptor neurons were observed by day 3 of incubation, expressing the HNK-1 epitope, whereas a total epithelial
staining was observed for NALA. By day 9 of incubation high numbers of HNK-1 positive immature olfactory receptor neurons
were observed. At the same time mature olfactory receptor neurons showed immunoreactivity for CD15, whereas NALA was still
expressed throughout the whole epithelial cell population. However, there was a pronounced staining in the population of mature
olfactory receptor neurons. Around hatching only CD15 was detectable in (mature) olfactory receptor neurons, whereas HNK-1
and NALA immunoreactivity have switched to glandular and sustentacular cells respectively. The differentiation-dependent expression
patterns of these three cell surface molecules suggest them as suitable markers to explore mechanisms that determine embryonic
olfactory receptor neurogenesis.
Accepted: 15 October 1997 相似文献