飞行员严重飞行错觉的临床研究

目的：规范严重飞行错觉的概念、诊断方法和鉴定原则。方法：总结25例飞行员的严重飞行错觉资料。结果：①倾斜错觉、前庭本体性错觉、Ⅱ型飞行错觉、生理心理性错觉所占比例较高。②在25例严重飞行错觉中，3例发生机毁人亡的A类飞行事故，13例飞行不合格做停飞处理，9例飞行合格恢复飞行。结论：严重飞行错觉是造成飞行员停飞和危及飞行安全的重要原因，本文的研究内容可作为今后判定、诊断和鉴定严重飞行错觉的参考。     

Innocuous cooling can produce nociceptive sensations that are inhibited during dynamic mechanical contact

In a previous study of the heat grill illusion, sensations of burning and stinging were sometimes reported when the skin was cooled by as little as 2°C. Informal tests subsequently indicated that these nociceptive sensations were experienced if cooling occurred when the stimulating thermode rested on the skin, but not when the thermode was cooled and then touched to the skin. In experiment 1 subjects judged the intensity of thermal (cold/warm) and nociceptive (burning/stinging) sensations when the volar surface of the forearm was cooled to 25°C (1) via a static thermode (Static condition), or (2) via a cold thermode touched to the skin (Dynamic condition). The total area of stimulation was varied from 2.6 to 10.4 cm² to determine if the occurrence of nociceptive sensations depended upon stimulus size. Burning/stinging was rated 10.3 times stronger in the Static condition than in the Dynamic condition, and this difference did not vary significantly with stimulus size. In experiment 2, thermal and nociceptive sensations were measured during cooling to just 31°, 29° or 27°C, and data were obtained on the frequency at which different sensation qualities were experienced. Stinging was the most frequently reported nociceptive quality in the Static condition, and stinging and burning were both markedly reduced in the Dynamic condition. In experiment 3 we tested the possibility that dynamic contact might have inhibited burning and stinging not because of mechanical contact per se, but rather because dynamic contact caused higher rates of cooling. However, varying cooling rate over a tenfold range (–0.5° to –5.0°/s) had no appreciable effect on the frequency of stinging and burning. Overall, the data show that mild cooling can produce nociceptive sensations that are suppressed under conditions of dynamic mechanical contact. The latter observation suggests that cold is perceived differently during active contact with objects than during passive heat loss to the environment. Hypotheses about the physiological basis of the nociceptive sensations at mild temperatures and their possible role in the phenomena of paradoxical heat and synthetic heat are discussed. Electronic Publication     

The Müller–Lyer illusion seen by the brain: An event-related brain potentials study

In two experiments, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were used to examine the neural correlates of a visual illusion effect in Müller–Lyer illusion tasks (illusion stimuli) and baseline tasks (no-illusion stimuli). The behavioral data showed that the illusion stimuli indeed yielded an illusion effect. Scalp ERP analysis revealed its neurophysiological substrate: the Müller–Lyer illusion tasks (Illusion tasks 1–3) elicited a more negative ERP deflection than did the baseline tasks about 400 ms after onset of the stimuli. Dipole source analysis of the difference wave (Illusion task 2–Baseline task 1) and the original waveforms of the different conditions (Illusion tasks 2 and 3 and Baseline task 2) indicated that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)/superior frontal cortex may contribute to the illusion effect, possibly in relation to high-level cognitive control. The results indicated that apparent distortions of the Müller–Lyer illusion might be influenced by top-down control.     

Smooth pursuit operates over perceived not physical positions of the double-drift stimulus

The double-drift illusion produces a large deviation in perceived direction that strongly dissociates physical position from perceived position. Surprisingly, saccades do not seem to be affected by the illusion (Lisi & Cavanagh, 2015). When targeting a double-drift stimulus, the saccade system is driven by retinal rather than perceived position. Here, using paired double-drift targets, we test whether the smooth pursuit system is driven by perceived or physical position. Participants (n = 7) smoothly pursued the inferred midpoint (Steinbach, 1976) between two horizontally aligned Gabor patches that were separated by 20° and moving on parallel, oblique paths. On the first half of each trial, the Gabors’ internal textures were static while both drifted obliquely downward. On the second half of each trial, while the envelope moved obliquely upward, the internal texture drifted orthogonally to the envelope''s motion, producing a large perceived deviation from the downward path even though the upward and downward trajectories always followed the same physical path but in opposite directions. We find that smooth pursuit eye movements accurately followed the nonillusory downward path of the midpoint between the two Gabors, but then followed the illusory rather than the physical trajectory on the upward return. Thus, virtual targets for smooth pursuit are derived from perceived rather than retinal coordinates.     

视动性眼震与视动性错觉关系的实验研究

30名军校学员，男性，在两种指导语（请集中注意力向前看；请注视正前方的红灯）下，经受了一系列视动阶跃刺激（5、10、15、20、30、40、60、80、100、120°／s）。用磁带机记录被试的视动性服震信号，同时记录被试报告的视动性错觉。视动性服震信号在7T17信号分析仪上进行脱机采样处理，错觉用模糊集途径进行量化。结果如下：①视动性眼震快相速度、慢相速度在刺激速度为5～60°／s内随刺激速度增加而增大，在60～120°／s内达到最大值并基本维持稳定，而视动性错觉在刺激速度为5～120°／s内随刺激速度增加呈直线上升；②在5～40°／s视动刺激下，当视动性眼震被抑制时，视动性错觉量明显增大。结果提示，机动性眼震与机动性错觉无因果关系，各自表现不同的变化趋势；在低速度视动刺激下，机动性眼震减轻了视动性错觉。     

Latency differences and the flash-lag effect

The tendency for briefly flashed stimuli to appear to lag behind the spatial position of physically aligned moving stimuli is known as the flash-lag effect. Possibly the simplest explanation for this phenomenon is that transient stimuli are processed more slowly than moving stimuli. We tested this proposal using a task based upon the simultaneous tilt illusion. When an oriented stimulus is surrounded by another oriented stimulus, the inner stimulus can appear to be rotated away from the orientation of the surround. By flashing central static sinewave gratings at specific phases of an annular gratings rotation cycle, we were able to determine the temporal dependence of the tilt illusion. Our results suggest a small, approximately 20 ms, processing advantage for the rotating stimulus relative to the flashed stimulus. Such a small advantage, if due to differential latencies, is insufficient to account for the flash-lag effect.     

新型乳旁加奶器对预防新生儿乳头错觉的临床研究

目的:探讨新型乳旁加奶器对预防新生儿产生乳头错觉的临床效果.方法:选择2011年3月～2011年12月我院住院分娩的160例健康产妇及新生儿,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各80例.观察组新生儿用新型乳旁加奶器补奶,对照组新生儿用一次性注射器连接输液软管进行乳旁补奶,观察各组指标并进行统计分析.结果:观察组婴儿发生乳头错觉2例,发生率为2.5％,产后开始泌乳时间平均22.3±7.9h,母乳充盈时间平均37.9±9.6h;对照组发生乳头错觉11例,发生率为13.9％,产后开始泌乳时间平均26.7±8.7h,母乳充盈时间平均41.6±12.3h,P＜0.05.结论:新型乳旁加奶器的临床应用可降低婴儿乳头错觉率,缩短产后开始泌乳时间及母乳充盈时间,操作简单、方便、卫生,便于家属掌握,有助于提高母乳喂养成功率.     

The inferior colliculus encodes the Franssen auditory spatial illusion

Illusions are effective tools for the study of the neural mechanisms underlying perception because neural responses can be correlated to the physical properties of stimuli and the subject's perceptions. The Franssen illusion (FI) is an auditory spatial illusion evoked by presenting a transient, abrupt tone and a slowly rising, sustained tone of the same frequency simultaneously on opposite sides of the subject. Perception of the FI consists of hearing a single sound, the sustained tone, on the side that the transient was presented. Both subcortical and cortical mechanisms for the FI have been proposed, but, to date, there is no direct evidence for either. The data show that humans and rhesus monkeys perceive the FI similarly. Recordings were taken from single units of the inferior colliculus in the monkey while they indicated the perceived location of sound sources with their gaze. The results show that the transient component of the Franssen stimulus, with a shorter first spike latency and higher discharge rate than the sustained tone, encodes the perception of sound location. Furthermore, the persistent erroneous perception of the sustained stimulus location is due to continued excitation of the same neurons, first activated by the transient, by the sustained stimulus without location information. These results demonstrate for the first time, on a trial‐by‐trial basis, a correlation between perception of an auditory spatial illusion and a subcortical physiological substrate.     

Anecdotage

The author offers miscellaneous reflections and memoiristic vignettes detailing his experiences with, and in, psychoanalysis and paints a troubling portrait of characteristic practices and assumptions. He also looks at the relationship between literature and psychoanalysis and asks about their relative success in helping us to understand ideas and behaviors central to our sense of being human. Finally, he examines the relevant issues from the perspective of a fiction writer tempted by all-too-convenient notions associated with the psychoanalytic tradition and formulates a cautionary procedure for resisting those notions.