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31.
Dopamine (DA) is present in the gill of Aplysia in considerable quantity. We have investigated the possibility that DA may be an excitatory neuromuscular transmitter. Perfusion of DA through the gill elicits contraction of the same muscles as are activated by the identified motor neurons L7 and L9. The cholinergic motor neuron LDG1 activates different muscles. The contractions induced by DA and three L9 neurons but not that of L7 are blocked by ergometrine. These results are consistent with the possibility that the neurons L9, L9-A and L9-P are dopaminergic motor neurons. 相似文献
32.
Anne-Laure Sutter-Dallay 《Annales médico-psychologiques》2018,176(2):209-211
Estrogens and progesterone are involved in many aspects of brain function (modulation of neurotransmissions, neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity). In addition, some biomarkers involved in bipolar disorder are thought to be influenced by sex hormones. The links between the different hormonal periods of women's lives (pubertal, premenstrual syndrome, perinatal period, menopause) and the evolution of bipolar disorders are explored and some new lines of research presented. 相似文献
33.
Background
Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability in China and has conferred a huge economic and societal burden. The effectiveness of primary prevention of stroke by targeting major vascular or cardiometabolic risk factors (eg, smoking, hypertension, diabetes) has been well established. This study aims to investigate whether a personalised, multimodal, multilevel intervention programme is effective in modifying unhealthy lifestyle and improving control of major cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with ischaemic stroke, and thus in reducing the risk of recurrent stroke and associated complications (functional disability, cognitive impairment).Methods
This is a single-blind randomised controlled intervention study. Participants are recruited from two tertiary hospitals in Shandong, China. The inclusion criteria are first-ever ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attacks, age 40 years or older, and no loss of consciousness. Using local randomisation at participating hospitals, all eligible patients are randomly assigned (1:1), according to random number tables, to either the control group or the intervention group. Study participants but not investigators are blind to the intervention assignment. Patients in the control group receive standard care and treatment according to current guidelines, and those in the intervention group receive an additional personalised multilevel intervention procedure that consists of motivational interviewing for behavioural change (smoking, alcohol use, and medical adherence), dietary advice, and regular monitor of major cardiometabolic risk factors (high blood pressure, high serum cholesterol, and high blood glucose). Participants are being followed up every 6 months for up to 2 years. The primary outcomes are recurrent stroke, functional ability (at year 1), and cognitive performance (at year 2). The secondary outcomes are survival, quality of life, and depression. The protocols of this study were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee at Jining Medical University, Shandong, China. Written informed consent was obtained from participants or from health care proxies (next of kin). This trial is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, number ChiCTR-IOR-16007741.Findings
The baseline recruitment procedure was tested to be feasible in the pilot study, with minor modifications. From Oct 15, 2015, to Dec 31, 2016, a total of 2000 patients (aged 40–92 years; 37% women) were recruited; of these, 999 patients were randomly assigned to the control group and 1001 to the intervention group. The intervention and follow-up assessments of participants are ongoing.Interpretation
This study will hopefully demonstrate the feasibility to implement a personalised, multimodal, multilevel intervention programme in patients with ischaemic stroke and TIAs. Findings from this study are expected to help improve secondary prevention of stroke and complications.Funding
Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Jining Medical University, and the Foreign Expert Program of the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of China (20153500002). 相似文献34.
Towards a comprehensive model of stereotypy: integrating operant and neurobiological interpretations
Lanovaz MJ 《Research in developmental disabilities》2011,32(2):447-455
The predominant models on the emergence and maintenance of stereotypy in individuals with developmental disabilities are based on operant and neurobiological interpretations of the behavior. Although the proponents of the two models maintain largely independent lines of research, operant and neurobiological interpretations of stereotypy are not mutually exclusive. The paper reviews the two models of stereotypy and proposes an integrated model using recent findings on the neurobiology of reinforcement. The dopaminergic system and the basal ganglia are both involved in stereotypy and in reinforcement, which provides a potential link between the models. Implications of the integrated model for future research are discussed in terms of improving the assessment and treatment of stereotypy in individuals with developmental disabilities. 相似文献
35.
36.
A once daily injection to rats of triiodothyronine (T3; 100 μg/kg s.c.) for 10 days enhanced the locomotor responses of rats pretreated with tranylcypromine (5 mg/kg) to an injection into the nucleus accumbens of dopamine (5 μg bilaterally), when tested 24 hr after the last T3 administration. This treatment did not, however, alter the control responses of tranylcypromine-pretrealed rats to injection of saline (1 μl bilaterally). Injection of T3 for 10 days enhanced the circling responses of unilateral nigrostriatal-lesioned rats to apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg) but not to methamphetamine (0.5 mg/kg). The probable explanation for the latter result was the finding that repeated T3 administration lowered basal striatal dopamine concentrations. The treatment also produced a trend towards reduced dopamine concentrations in the n. accumbens, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. These data suggest that repeated T3 injection causes an increased post-synaptic function of both the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine systems in rat brain. 相似文献
37.
M. Grattarola M. Bove S. Martinoia G. Massobrio 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》1995,33(4):533-536
The paper deals with computer simulations of ‘silicon neurons’, which are assemblies of CMOS circuits that generate the equivalents
of the ionic currents and of the action potentials of real (biological) neurons. The circuit simulation program SPICE is used
to simulate the generation of action potentials by a silicon neuron. Moreover, the equivalent circuits of silicon synapses
are described and the behaviours of simple two- and three-neuron networks are analysed. Implications for the areas of neurobiology
and formal neural networks are briefly considered. 相似文献
38.
Yan J Zhang Y Roder J McDonald RJ 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2003,150(2):184-193
One reason the electrophysiological correlates of hippocampal neurons are of interest is the possibility that they reflect
their representational properties, presumably spatial/relational ones. Stable spatial representations, based on activity of
ensembles of hippocampal place cells, initially develop through a series of short-episodic spatial tunings. Hence these short-episodic
spatial tunings are important for understanding the establishment of stable place fields. Studies of age-related changes in
place cell activities traditionally focus on place fields. In the present study, we characterized the short-episodic spatial
tunings (1-min bins) of hippocampal CA1 place cells of freely moving mice in a familiar cylinder arena, and compared these
functions in young and old mice. Spatial tuning was expressed by spatial selectivity, which we found fluctuated across a 16-min
recording session in both young and old mice. High spatial selectivity, which is mainly due to the low firing of a place cell
out of the place field in young mice, was significantly higher in old mice. The high firing rate out of the place field was
the main factor contributing to significantly lower spatial selectivity in old mice. In addition, young mice showed a broad
peak in the spatial selectivity between 4 and 10 min. In contrast old mice showed no peak in the spatial selectivity during
this time period. The stability of place fields after a 24-h interval was also lower in old mice than in young mice. The low
spatial tuning and unstable place fields suggest that a hippocampal-based spatial representation was impaired in the old mice.
Furthermore, we speculate that the age-related impairment in hippocampal inhibition system may be involved in the impaired
spatial representation of hippocampal CA1 place cells in old mice.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
39.
40.
面口合谷收是经脉体表与体表之间联系的重要体现,从神经生物学角度阐释针刺合谷穴对面口部影响的机制可能是研究面口合谷收理论内涵的重要突破口之一。文章中作者针刺合谷穴,以后溪、外关作为对照,观察其对面口部痛阈、肌电活动、唾液分泌和脑中枢功能网络响应的影响,从不同层面揭示合谷穴与面口部特异性联系的神经生物学机制,以期为面口合谷收理论提供更丰富的科学依据。 相似文献