Infective endocarditis in Greece: a changing profile. Epidemiological, microbiological and therapeutic data

The epidemiology, and clinical and microbiological spectrum, of infective endocarditis (IE) in Greece was analysed in a prospective 4-year study in a tertiary hospital and a heart surgery centre in Athens. In total, 101 cases of IE (71 men, 30 women, aged 54.4 +/- 17.1 years) were studied, with a follow-up period of 3 months. Seventy-seven cases were definite and 24 possible; 59 involved native valves (native valve endocarditis; NVE), 31 prosthetic valves (prosthetic valve endocarditis; PVE), of which nine were early and 22 late, and 11 permanent pacemakers (pacemaker endocarditis; PME). There was a predominant involvement of aortic (48/101) and mitral (40/101) valves. Seven patients had rheumatic valvular disease, two had mitral valve prolapse, and eight had a previous history of IE. Thirteen and six patients had undergone dental and endoscopic procedures, respectively. In 13 patients, intravenous catheters were used within the 3 months before diagnosis of IE. There were three intravenous drug users among the patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the most important pathogen, isolated in 22% of cases, followed by viridans streptococci (19%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (16%). Enterococcus spp. were responsible for 3%, HACEK group for 2%, and fungi for 6% of cases. Viridans streptococci were the leading cause of NVE (29%), Staphylococcus epidermidis of PVE (16%), and S. aureus of PME (54.5%). Six of 22 S. aureus and ten of 16 S. epidermidis isolates were methicillin-resistant. Surgical intervention, including total pacemaker removal, was performed in 51.5% of patients. Overall mortality was 16%, but was 29% with PVE, and was significantly higher with medical than with combined surgical and medical therapy (24.5% vs. 8%). Compared with previous studies, there were changing trends in the epidemiology, microbiology, treatment and prognosis of IE in Greece.     

Nosocomial vs. community-acquired infective endocarditis in Greece: changing epidemiological profile and mortality risk

Current epidemiological trends of infective endocarditis (IE) in Greece were investigated via a prospective cohort study of all cases of IE that fulfilled the Duke criteria during 2000-2004 in 14 tertiary and six general hospitals in the metropolitan area of Athens. Demographics, clinical data and outcome were compared for nosocomial IE (NIE) and community-acquired IE (CIE). NIE accounted for 42 (21.5%) and CIE for 153 (78.5%) of 195 cases. Intravenous drug use was associated exclusively with CIE, while co-morbidities (cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure requiring haemodialysis and malignancies) were more frequent in the NIE group (p <0.05). Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) predominated in the NIE group (p 0.006), and >50% of NIE cases had a history of vascular intervention. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci were more frequent in cases of NIE than in cases of CIE (26.2% vs. 5.2%, p <0.01, and 30.9% vs. 16.3%, p 0.05, respectively). Enterococci accounted for 19.5% of total IE cases and were the leading cause of NIE. Staphylococcus aureus IE was hospital-acquired in only 11.9% of cases. In-hospital mortality was higher for NIE than for CIE (39.5% vs. 18.6%, p 0.02). Cardiac failure (New York Heart Association grade III-IV; OR 13.3, 95% CI 4.9-36.1, p <0.001) and prosthetic valve endocarditis (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.3-10.6, p 0.01) were the most important predictors of mortality.     

金黄色葡萄球菌norA基因探针的制备

目的　研究制备 nor A基因介导的金黄色葡萄球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制的 Dig- nor A基因探针。方法　采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)制备 Dig- nor A基因探针。结果　 PCR法制备 Dig- nor A基因探针简便易行 ,可在较短时间内获得大量的探针 ,所得探针有较高的敏感性 ;Dig- nor A基因探针安全、易操作 ,标记探针可长期保存。结论　为进一步研究 nor A基因介导的耐药机制提供了一种手段     

Is Preoperative Staphylococcus aureus Screening and Decolonization Effective at Reducing Surgical Site Infection in Patients Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With a Special Focus on Elective Total Joint Arthroplasty

BackgroundStaphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen implicated in orthopedic infections worldwide. Preoperative decolonization has been promoted but different strategies present mixed results. Thus, the goals of this study are to determine (1) whether S aureus screening and/or decolonization is effective at reducing surgical site infection in orthopedic surgery, (2) with a special focus on elective total joint arthroplasty (TJA), and (3) which preoperative S aureus screening/treatment strategy is most cost-effective for TJA.MethodsPubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases were searched on January 1, 2020, using a systematic strategy. We included papers with data comparing surgical site infection and periprosthetic joint infection rate in orthopedic surgery and/or elective total hip and knee arthroplasty patients before/after S aureus screening and/or decolonization protocol and papers evaluating the cost-effectiveness of different S aureus screening/treatment strategies.ResultsA total of 1260 papers were screened, and 32 papers were ultimately included. Results showed an increased risk of developing any infection (relative risk [RR] = 1.71 ± 0.16) and S aureus infection (RR = 2.79 ± 0.45) after orthopedic surgery without previous nares and whole-body decolonization. Focusing exclusively on elective TJA, there was an increased risk of developing any infection (RR = 1.70 ± 0.17) and S aureus infection (RR = 2.18 ± 0.41) if no decolonization is performed. All strategies appeared to be cost-effective, although universal decolonization without screening seemed to be the most advantageous.ConclusionPreoperative S aureus screening/decolonization protocol lowered the risk of infection after elective orthopedic and TJA surgeries. However, further studies are needed to determine optimal clinical and cost-effective methodologies.     

2017—2019年包头医学院第一附属医院细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解包头医学院第一附属医院2017—2019年临床分离菌的分布及对临床常见抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 收集2017年1月1日至2019年12月31日临床分离的非重复菌株,采用自动化仪器法、纸片扩散法和E-试验法进行药敏试验。 结果 3年我院临床分离非重复菌共4679株,其中革兰阳性菌1358株（32.9%）,革兰阴性菌3141株（67.1%）。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株（Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA和Methicillin-coagulase negative staphylococcus,MRCNS）检出率分别为16.2%(96/592),56.5%(245/434）,未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药葡萄球菌株。屎肠球菌对多数抗菌药物的耐药率高于粪肠球菌。 产ESBL的大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属细菌的检出率分别为48.2%（567/1177）和16.6%（140/841）,碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌（Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae bacteria,CRE）的检出率为0.8%（19/2411）。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉希类抗菌药物的耐药率仍然处于较低水平,总体低于0.8%（19/2411）。铜绿假单胞菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药率均较低,鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率较高,对环丙沙星和头孢他啶的耐药率均高于60.0%。结论 该院临床常见菌的耐药性仍然比较严峻,进行细菌耐药监测有助于及时了解本院耐药变迁情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。     

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: no apocalypse now

The number of reports concerning vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is much higher than the number of true resistant strains or unexpected clinical failures. Many confounding factors, including inadequate serum levels, severely ill patients, foreign devices or undrained abscesses, are more likely to be responsible for the clinical failures than resistance to vancomycin.     

全自动细菌分析系统检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的初步评价

采用琼脂筛选法、纸片扩散法和仪器法平行进行葡萄球菌苯唑西林敏感性的测定 ,同时进行微生物敏感性试验。结果显示 :MRS的分离率为 5 4.4% ,琼脂筛选法和仪器法两法对MRS检测的符合率为 96 .7%。MRS对万古霉素最敏感 ,敏感率 10 0 % ;呋喃妥因次之 (耐药率 0 .0 2 4% )。VITEK32型细菌分析系统可准确检测MRS。认为MRS以万古霉素治疗效果最佳 ,其次为呋喃妥因     

咯血并呼吸衰竭患者机械通气治疗初步观察

目的探索咯血并呼吸衰竭(COPD)患者机械通气治疗的效果。方法阐明了一例表皮葡萄球菌肺部感染的COPD患者产生大咯血并呼吸衰竭的原因及治疗经过,详细分析了治疗过程中的各种临床问题。结果表皮葡萄球菌肺部感染的COPD患者可以有大咯血的临床表现,该患者经抗感染、纤支镜止血、机械通气等积极治疗后得到康复出院。结论机械通气是治疗咯血并呼吸衰竭COPD患者的主要方法之一,咯血并不影响机械通气的治疗效果,机械通气对咯血的治疗也没有造成不良影响。     

凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌医院感染的研究

目的 :防治凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌医院内感染。方法 :用经典生理生化鉴定方法 ,对各种临床标本分离到的96株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (CNS)进行种的鉴定、药敏试验和葡萄球菌粘质的检测。结果 :分离到 7种CNS ,其中表皮葡萄球菌占 5 5 .2 % ,溶血葡萄球菌占 2 9.2 %。青霉素耐药率为 6 9.8% ,甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占CNS的5 8.3 % ,产葡萄球菌粘质菌株占 84.4%。结论 :临床感染CNS中表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌占绝大多数。CNS对多种抗生素耐药 ,治疗其感染应以药敏结果为依据。可选用万古霉素、利福平、丁胺卡那霉素、环丙沙星等药物治疗。     

三起金黄色葡萄球菌所致食物中毒报告

目的：对大理市三起同金黄色葡萄球菌引起食物中毒的病原学调查进行报告。方法：按《食品卫生检验方法》微生物部分进行检验。结果：检出金葡萄,并做药敏试验,对亚胺培南高度的敏感,对青霉素耐药。结论：提示在治疗本地金葡萄引起的食物中毒时应首选亚胺培南。并提醒金葡萄菌引起的食物中毒已占我市食物中毒的首位,应引起有关部门的高度重视。