英护专业英语解剖学名词教学方法初探

具备一定的专业英语能力,是英护专业学生胜任涉外护理工作所必须。很多英语医学名词与解剖学名词直接相关。但英语解剖学名词的记忆一直都是学生的难处。本文从四个方面介绍了如何有效帮助学生提高记忆效果,以与大家共享。     

Both memory and attention systems contribute to visual search for targets cued by implicitly learned context

Environmental context learned without awareness can facilitate visual processing of goal-relevant information. According to one view, the benefit of implicitly learned context relies on the neural systems involved in spatial attention and hippocampus-mediated memory. While this view has received empirical support, it contradicts traditional models of hippocampal function. The purpose of the present work was to clarify the influence of spatial context on visual search performance and on brain structures involved memory and attention. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that activity in the hippocampus as well as in visual and parietal cortex was modulated by learned visual context even though participants’ subjective reports and performance on a post-experiment recognition task indicated no explicit knowledge of the learned context. Moreover, the magnitude of the initial selective hippocampus response predicted the magnitude of the behavioral benefit due to context observed at the end of the experiment. The results suggest that implicit contextual learning is mediated by attention and memory and that these systems interact to support search of our environment.     

Recent cancer treatment and memory decline in older adults: An analysis of the 2002–2012 Health and Retirement Study

Objective

Few studies have examined the impact of cancer treatment on cognitive trajectories in the growing population of older adults diagnosed with and surviving cancer. This study examined whether recent cancer and its treatment accelerated memory decline in older adults.

Chronic pelvic pain of obscure origin: A clinical study

A Pelvic Pain Clinic was established to provide diagnostic and therapeutic services to women with severe, chronic pelvic pain of obscure origin. Sixty such women were studied. Their histories revealed a complex pattern of complaints. Conventional clinical investigations usually failed to reveal organic pathology responsible for the symptoms. Twenty-eight patients consented to undergo surgery. Two patients were found to have gynaecological pathology causing prolonged pain. Seventeen patients had normal internal genitalia. Nine patients had minor gynaecological pathology, frequently observed in asymptomatic patients. Twenty-two patients underwent psychological evaluation. The interviews produced evidence of psychiatric syndromes in twenty-one. Patients improved with surgery if organic disease was found. The response to reassurance based on negative laparoscopic findings was also good. The majority of patients were distrustful of explanations involving psychosomatic concepts and were not amenable to group psychotherapy.     

Suppression of Complex Visual Hallucinatory Experiences by Occipital Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Case Report

We report a patient with visual hallucinations and illusions along with an associated visual field defect after bilateral ischemic damage to his occipital visual cortex. These hallucinations were long-standing and of both simple and complex (well-formed) type. Application of low frequency (1 Hz) repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to the occipital cortex led to a complete cessation of visual hallucinatory symptoms. The use of TMS to probe the neurophysiology, and possibly alleviate, visual hallucinatory experiences is discussed.     

记忆合金内接骨板和可吸收肋骨钉在治疗多发性肋骨骨折中的临床应用

目的探讨记忆合金环抱接骨板和可吸收肋骨钉在治疗多发性肋骨骨折的临床疗效。方法选取我院胸外科收治的36例多发性肋骨骨折患者,按照随机的原则选取其中20例患者(记忆合金组),应用记忆合金接骨板将肋骨骨折部位切开复位。选取采用可吸收肋骨钉内固定的16例患者作为对照组(肋骨钉组)。比较手术时间,住院费用及术后两组患者的胸痛缓解时间、住院时间、骨折愈合状况及相关并发症发生情况。结果两组患者均临床愈合.治愈率均为100%。但肋骨钉组出现2例骨折断端偏移,畸形愈合;而记忆合金组未出现骨折断端移位情况。两组平均手术时间及住院费用无明显差异(P>0.05)。两组患者的胸痛缓解时间、住院时间、胸壁畸形、骨折愈合状况及相关并发症发生率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论应用记忆合金内接骨板及可吸收肋骨钉均有利于促进骨折愈合,有助于呼吸功能改善.是治疗多发性肋骨骨折较理想的方法。但对于骨折内径偏小,斜行骨折断端大于3cm,粉碎性骨折应避免使用可吸收肋骨钉。防治术后骨折端移位。对不同类型的骨折应选用其适合的内固定方法。     

Clinical patterns of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and pure amygdalar atrophy

PURPOSE: MRI volumetric measurements (MRIvol) have been proven reliable in determining mesial temporal atrophy in patients with TLE. We attempted to correlate the clinical features with different patterns of hippocampal formation (HF) and amygdala (AM) atrophy in patients with TLE without foreign tissue lesion. METHODS: We studied 65 patients with refractory TLE. They were divided into five groups according to MRIvol results: pure AM atrophy (n = 11, 10 unilateral and one bilateral), unilateral HF atrophy (n = 16), bilateral HF atrophy (n = 12), unilateral AM + HF atrophy (n = 13), and patients with normal volumes of AM and HF (n = 13). MRIvol of AM and HF were performed by using a protocol previously described by Watson et al. (Neurology 1992;42:1743-50). RESULTS: Patients with AM atrophy had later onset of seizures compared with those with unilateral HF atrophy (p < 0.01). History of febrile convulsions (p < 0.0001) and frequent secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCSs) were more often found in patients with HF atrophy compared with those with pure AM atrophy and those with normal volumes (p = 0.04). Prolonged postictal confusion was more often found with AM atrophy (p = 0.05). Memory impairment was more severe in patients with HF atrophy than in those with AM atrophy only or in those with normal volumes (p = 0.03). There were no significant differences among the five groups in the following parameters: age, duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency, and presence and type of aura. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged postictal confusion appeared to be related to AM atrophy, in keeping with previous clinical observations. These patients also had a lower incidence of early febrile convulsions, older age at epilepsy onset, lower frequency of secondary GTCS, and lesser memory dysfunction compared with patients with hippocampal atrophy.     

Neural correlates of auditory recognition under full and divided attention in younger and older adults

We examined how aging affects the pattern of brain activity mediating retrieval under dual-task conditions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity in younger and older adults while they were engaged in an auditory verbal recognition test under either full or divided attention (FA or DA). During recognition under FA, older adults had more activity in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). DA with a distracting task requiring animacy judgments to words disrupted memory more than did a task requiring odd-digit judgments to numbers. For both behavioural and brain measures we contrasted the two DA conditions to recognition under FA to identify interference with memory performance. Behaviourally, there were no age differences in the magnitude of memory interference from DA conditions, although recognition performance was poorer overall in older adults. During the DA animacy condition, younger adults showed an increase in recognition latency, and older adults an increase in distracting task costs. Younger adults in this condition showed an increase in left inferior PFC, coupled with a decrease in right hippocampal activity; these effects were diminished in older adults who instead showed an increase in bilateral middle frontal activity. During both DA conditions, older adults showed greater activity in posterior neocortex compared to the younger group. Results indicate that older adults are able to perform as well as younger adults on retrieval tasks under DA conditions due to two alterations in brain activity: a dampening of the changes characterizing younger adults during the DA animacy condition and greater recruitment of additional regions during both DA tasks.     

Memory processing in Alzheimer's disease.

The aim of the present research was to examine automatic and controlled influences on memory processing in patients with Alzheimer's disease using the process-dissociation procedure. In Experiment 1, a source recognition procedure was used, and the patients were found to have significantly reduced estimates of automatic processing and capacity to recognise words seen during the study phase of the procedure. In Experiment 2, a detection of repetition procedure was used to determine whether automatic influences on memory decline as a dementia progressed. The patients showed the expected inability to detect repetition in their responding, but there was no evidence that estimates of automatic processing were predicted by mental status scores or by ratings of the severity of dementia. In the third study, a novel method for estimating parameters in the process-dissociation model, developed from the task used in Experiment 2, was tested in a student sample. In this procedure, participants first produce semantic associates with either high or low relatedness to a list of cue words. These responses are subsequently used in a paired associate learning paradigm to determine independent estimates of recollection and automatic processing. Evidence for the validity of this procedure was found in Experiment 3 and the procedure used to examine memory processing in a sample of persons with dementia (Experiment 4). The patient group was found to have a substantial deficit in controlled recollection and a reduced capacity for automatic memory processing.     

The locus coeruleus, norepinephrine, and memory in newborns

Use of learned odor cues by newborn rats is critical for pup survival. Rat pups acquire approach responses to maternal odors through an associative conditioning mechanism. This learned behavioral response is accompanied by a modification of olfactory bulb neural response patterns to the learned odor. Both the behavioral and neural reponse changes involved and require norepinephrine release in the olfactory bulb. The source of this norepinephrine is the locus coeruleus. It is proposed that the unique response properties of the locus coeruleus during the early postnatal period in the rat may facilitate acquisition of these critical early memories.