Supercritical fluid extraction of essential oil from the fruits of Bupleurum chinense DC. and their characterization by GC/MS

IntroductionChaihuhasbeenusedasoneofthecommontraditionalchinesemedicinesandisoftenemployedtotreatcoldswithfever,alternatingchillsandfever,feelingoffullnessandchestoppression,andhypochondriasis[1 ] .Itssaikopaponins ,essentialoilhavebeenwellinvestigated .10ursane typetriterpeneglyco sides,19oleanane typetriterpeneglycosidesfromthefruitsofBupleurumrotundifoliumhavebeenisolated ,inaddition ,ursane typetriterpeneglycosideswereshowedtopossessantiprolifera tiveactivity[2 ] .Toourknowledge ,thechemic…     

Automated solid-phase extraction and two-step derivatisation for simultaneous analysis of basic illicit drugs in serum by GC/MS

A combination of automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) and subsequent two-step derivatisation has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of basic drugs of abuse and cocaine metabolites in serum samples. Substances included in this procedure are morphine, codeine, methadone, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, methylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDEA and MDA. SPE with mixed-mode cartridges (RP-C8 and cation-exchange) was fully automated with a Zymark RapidTrace SPE robot. GC/MS analysis was performed after derivatisation with a new two-step reaction by trifluoroacetic anhydride and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol. High recoveries (> 85%) with high reproducibility (CV 1.1-3.8%) were found for all drugs. High correlation coefficients (r > 0.998) were obtained due to the addition of deuterated standards prior to extraction. Experience obtained over 2 years of applying this method to drug analysis in serum is discussed.     

HPLC-MS同时测定4种新型抗抑郁药物的血药浓度

目的:建立一种快速灵敏的同时测定血浆中氟西汀、西酞普兰,帕罗西汀及文拉法辛浓度的 HPLC-MS 方法,监测这4种药物的血药浓度,为临床用药提供依据。方法:以氟伏沙明作为内标,样品碱化后固相萃取,用 MACHEREY-NAGEL C_(18)反相色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm,Germany)进行分离,以乙腈-缓冲盐(30 mmol 醋酸铵和0.6‰甲酸)(65:35)为流动相,柱温40℃,流速0.85 mL·min~(-1)。采用质谱电喷雾电离源(ESI)将样品离子化,选择性离子监测(SIM)准分子离子峰。结果:氟西汀、西酞普兰、帕罗西汀,文拉法辛及内标氟伏沙明在9 min 内完全分离;各物质在5～1000 ng·mL~(-1)时线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9964;萃取回收率均大于73.2%;方法回收率均大于95.0%;最低检测浓度:氟西汀0.5 ng·mL~(-1)、西酞普兰0.3 ng·mL~(-1)、帕罗西汀0.3 ng·mL~(-1),文拉法辛0.1 ng·mL~(-1);日内日间变异系数均小于15%。结论:本方法简便快速,灵敏准确,可用于血药浓度的临床监护、中毒分析,药物动力学以及代谢机制的研究。     

参麦注射液中人参皂苷Rg1和Re药代动力学研究

目的研究参麦注射液中人参皂苷Rg₁和Re人体药代动力学。方法采用已建立的LC/MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中人参皂苷Rg₁和Re浓度，并计算其药代动力学参数。结果人参皂苷Rg₁和Re线性范围为1.023-1 023 μg·L^-1和1.05-1 050 μg·L^-1，方法回收率在99%-105%和99%-104%，日内、日间RSD值均小于15%。参麦注射液60 mL经静脉滴注后人参皂苷Rg₁和Re的药时曲线均符合二房室开放模型，T_1/2α分别为0.28 h和0.10 h，T_1/2β分别为2.1 h和1.2 h。结论该法简便、灵敏、特异，适用于血浆中人参皂苷Rg₁和Re浓度的测定。参麦注射液中人参皂苷Rg₁和Re在人体内血药浓度较低，分布和消除速度较快，药代动力学行为符合二房室模型。     

国产格列本脲和二甲双胍复方制剂在健康志愿者的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的　研究国产复方格列本脲和盐酸二甲双胍胶囊单剂量人体的药代动力学特性和生物等效性。方法　以国产格列本脲片和进口盐酸二甲双胍片为标准参比制剂,入选的20名受试者随机交叉口服单剂量试验与参比制剂,用液相色谱-质谱法测定血浆中格列本脲和二甲双胍的浓度。结果　格列本脲的药代动力学参数分别为:AUC0-t为(603.32±196.61)和(581.70±195.01) ng.h.mL-1,Cmax为(123.46±27.03)和(128.28±3.67) ng.mL-1,tmax为(2.8±0.7)和(2.6±0.6 ) h,t1/2为(6.54±1.24)和(6.89±1.73) h。二甲双胍药代动力学参数分别为:AUC0-t为(7832.97±2603.38)和(7765.52±2870.85) ng. h.mL-1,Cmax为(1377.55±476.60)和(1367.40±551.19 )ng.mL-1,tmax为(2.7±0.9)和(2.0±0.5 ) h,t1/2为(5.72±1.24)和(5.81±1.51) h。试验制剂中格列本脲的相对生物利用度为(104.82±19.27)%,二甲双胍的相对生物利用度为(107.30±46.40)%。结论 试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口托烷司琼胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:评价国产和进口托烷司琼胶囊的生物等效性。方法:采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计,用LC-MS/MS法对国产和进口托烷司琼胶囊在20名中国健康男性受试者中的血药浓度进行测定。药动学参数用ANOVA处理。结果:国产与进口托烷司琼胶囊的AUC0-→t分别为:(543.61±415.55),(547.04±455.59)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(573.30±439.11),(591.77±513.15)μg·h·L-1;cmax为分别(39.13±14.45),(37.44±14.30)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.61±0.71),(1.85±0.79)h;T1／2分别为(9.69±4.81),(9.77±5.51)h。国产托烷司琼胶囊的相对生物利用度为(106.47±24.07)％(n=20)。2组参数cmax,AUC0→t经对数转换后,行方差分析和双单侧t检验,均未见统计学意义。结论:托烷司琼国产的制剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性。     

辛弗林对CUMS大鼠抑郁样行为和血清代谢组学的影响

目的 通过观察分析大鼠慢性应激引起的行为学和血清代谢组变化以及辛弗林抗抑郁的有效治疗,发现潜在的抗抑郁新药先导化合物和生物标志物。方法 将24只大鼠分为正常组、模型组和辛弗林组。模型组为6周慢性温和不可预知应激(CUMS)模型大鼠,用体质量变化、糖水偏好、开场实验作为抑郁评估指标,后2周辛弗林(Syn 20 mg/kg)干预治疗后采集大鼠血清进行气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS/MS)测定,研究CUMS大鼠血清内源性代谢物变化,以及辛弗林的干预作用,寻找其抗抑郁潜在的先导化合物和生物标志物,并找到相关靶向代谢通路。结果 辛弗林干预后,在增加CUMS大鼠体质量、提高糖水偏好率、增加开场运动总距离和理毛次数的同时,还能逆转CUMS大鼠血清中磷酸乙醇胺、苯甲酸、胆固醇、谷氨酸等14种代谢物的变化使其趋于正常组,并发现谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸的代谢、缬氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成等9条主要牵涉辛弗林的靶向代谢通路。结论 辛弗林可能通过调节谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸的代谢、缬氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成等生物学途径发挥对CUMS大鼠抑郁样行为的调正作用。      

Ex vivo proteomics of Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 reveal that FabG affects fatty acid composition to alter bacterial growth fitness in the chicken gut

Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of foodborne gastrointestinal illness worldwide. Here we performed ex vivo proteomic analysis of C. jejuni 81-176 in chicken, a main reservoir for human infection. At 0, 1 and 4 weeks post-infection (p.i.) with the GFP-expressing 81-176 strain, inocula were recovered from chicken ceca by cell sorting using flow cytometry. iTRAQ-coupled 2D-LC–MS/MS analyses that detected 55 C. jejuni proteins, among which either 3 (FabG, HydB, CJJ81176_0876) or 7 (MscS, CetB, FlhF, PurH, PglJ, LpxC, Icd) proteins exhibited >1.4-fold-increased expression at 1 or 4 week(s) p.i. compared with those at 0 weeks p.i., respectively. Deletion of the fabG gene clearly decreased the proportion of bacterial unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and chicken colonization. The UFA proportion of the parental strain was not altered when grown at 42 °C. These findings suggest that FabG might play a pivotal role in UFA production, linked to bacterial adaptation in the poultry host. To our knowledge, this is the first example of ex vivo C. jejuni proteomics, in which fatty acid metabolism might affect bacterial adaptation to the chicken host.     

Ambient mass spectrometry for rapid diagnosis of psychoactive drugs overdose in an unstable patient

A 25-year-old man suffered from consciousness change was sent to our emergency department by friends who reported that they were not sure what had happened to him. Physical examination revealed bilateral pupils dilatation, lethargy, slurred speech, and ataxia. Computer-aided tomographic scan of the brain revealed no definite evidence of intracranial lesions. Routine laboratory tests revealed total physiological turmoil. Despite immediate commencement of aggressive treatment, the patient's condition deteriorated long before the traditional drug screen provided an answer for the identities of the multiple drugs overdose. It ended up with the need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, but in vain. At the end of the tragic event, under the suggestion of a colleague, a portion of the patient's urine specimen was sent to our university esoteric laboratory for rapid analysis by means of a newly-developed thermal desorption-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine were identified in the urine sample within 30 s. Conventional toxicological testing techniques like gas chromatography–mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are currently used for identifying abused drugs. One concern is their time-consuming sample pretreatment which leads to relatively low efficiency in terms of turnaround time for revealing the identity of the consumed drugs particularly when the patients are severely overdosed. We learned a lesson from this case that a more efficient toxicological identification technique is essential to expedite the process of emergency care when the patients are so heavily overdosed that they are under critical life-threatening conditions.     

Simultaneous quantification of isoniazid,rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

A remediable cause of poor treatment response in drug‐susceptible tuberculosis (TB) patients may be low plasma levels of one or more of the first‐line anti‐TB drugs. The aim of this work was to develop an accurate and precise LC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of all four first‐line anti‐TB drugs in plasma suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). To adjust for degradation and losses during sample preparation, isotopically labeled compounds were used as internal standards. Plasma samples spiked with internal standards were extracted using protein precipitation with methanol and acetonitrile. Simultaneous separation of all four drugs was accomplished with a Chromolith Reversed‐Phase column and mobile phases consisting of water, methanol, ammonium acetate and formic acid with subsequent mass spectrometric quantification. The linear range of the calibration curve for isoniazid was 0.5–10 mg/L, for rifampicin 0.75–30 mg/L, for ethambutol 0.25–10 mg/L and for pyrazinamide 4–80 mg/L. The lower limit of quantification was 0.5 mg/L, 0.75 mg/L, 0.25 mg/L and 4.0 mg/L, respectively. Precision estimated by the coefficient of variation was <15% for all four drugs. The LC‐MS/MS method can readily be used for simultaneous quantification of first‐line anti‐TB drugs in plasma and is well suited for TDM.