Influence of debittered,defatted fenugreek seed powder and flaxseed powder on the rheological characteristics of dough and quality of cookies

A functional ingredient mix (FIM) comprising debittered and defatted fenugreek seed powder (70%) and flaxseed powder (30%) was used in cookies. Ash, fat and protein, dough development time, resistance to extension and peak viscosity values increased as the level of FIM increased from 10 to 30% in the blend. Beyond 20% of FIM substitution, the quality characteristics of cookies were adversely affected. Use of soya lecithin produced a significant improvement in the overall quality of the cookies with 20% FIM. Linolenic acid and total dietary fiber content of the cookies with 20% FIM and lecithin contained four times the amount of linolenic acid (2.3%) and double the amount of dietary fiber (13.04%) when compared with the control cookies (0.5% and 6.22%) respectively. Surface scanning electron microscopy of cookies with different levels of FIM from 10 to 30% showed that there was a disruption in the matrix.     

From edible clay to a clay-containing formulation for optimization of oral delivery of some trace elements: a review

Abstract

The present review describes the double beneficial effect of using clays for purposes of health and human nutrition: first, their chemical composition, which can enable the release of trace elements; and second, their mineralogical composition, which allows them to be used in the treatment of digestive diseases. The last part of the review is devoted to the release of trace elements contained in clay: clay-containing pellets designed for oral delivery of the trace elements iron and zinc. This multiple-unit pellet system is designed to be retained by flotation in the stomach cavity for a few hours (5 h), with simultaneous control of the release of the trace elements in order to optimize their gastrointestinal absorption. Finally, it is shown that the total amount of ions released from the clay was increased when the formulations were added, in comparison with raw clay, respectively as follows: Zn²⁺ (60% versus 40%), Fe³⁺ (70% versus 30%) and Fe²⁺ (95% versus 40%).     

甘草总黄酮微海绵的制备及体外释放度评价

目的:优选甘草总黄酮微海绵的制备工艺并考察其体外释放度。方法:利用类乳剂溶媒扩散法制备甘草总黄酮微海绵,以微海绵得率、包封率及分散系数为指标,通过星点设计-效应面法考察聚乙烯醇用量、药物与乙基纤维素的比例、搅拌速度对甘草总黄酮微海绵制备工艺的影响。利用紫外分光光度法测定甘草总黄酮微海绵的包封率,检测波长335 nm;建立HPLC同时测定甘草总黄酮中甘草苷、异甘草苷、甘草素、异甘草素、甘草查尔酮A和光甘草定的含量,检测波长300 nm,流动相乙腈-甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液梯度洗脱;利用透析法比较甘草总黄酮及甘草总黄酮微海绵中6个成分的体外释放度。结果:甘草总黄酮微海绵的最佳制备工艺为聚乙烯醇用量2.69%,药物-乙基纤维素(6∶1),搅拌速度1 100 r·min~(-1),搅拌时间4 h。8 h内甘草总黄酮中甘草苷、异甘草苷、甘草素、异甘草素、甘草查尔酮A和光甘草定的累积释放度分别为87.47%,86.83%,76.98%,78.48%,86.58%和56.58%,24 h内甘草总黄酮微海绵中这6个成分的累积释放度分别为91.45%,89.74%,77.57%,82.64%,87.74%和67.74%。结论:利用类乳剂溶媒扩散法制备的甘草总黄酮微海绵粒径大小均匀、工艺稳定且操作简便。甘草总黄酮微海绵具有明显的缓释作用。     

Randomized Trial of Endoscopic Injection Sclerosis with Ethanolamine Oleate and Ethanol for Bleeding Peptic Ulcer

Background: Few studies have been done comparing ethanolamine oleate injection therapy with other sclerosing agents. Between September 1992 and August 1995, 78 consecutive patients presenting with a high-risk bleeding ulcer were randomized in a trial comparing endoscopic injection sclerotherapies with ethanolamine oleate and absolute ethanol. Methods: The groups were well matched in terms of sex, age, clinical features, endoscopic findings, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug usage. We recorded in a prospective randomized trial the initial success of endoscopy, the rebleeding rate, permanent hemostasis, treatment failures, the need for surgery, mortality, and factors related to mortality. Results: Initial hemostasis was achieved in 90% (38 of 42) of the ethanolamine oleate group and in 97% (35 of 36) of the ethanol group, and permanent hemostasis in 88% (37 of 42) and 92% (33 of 36), respectively. The rebleeding rate, 7% and 8%; the emergency surgery rate, 10% and 6%; the transfusion requirement, 4.8 ± 3.3 units and 4.0 ± 3.0 units; and the 30-day mortality, 12% and 3%, did not differ significantly between the ethanolamine oleate and ethanol groups. Mortality was significantly related to shock at admission, duodenal site of the ulcer, ulcer size greater than 2 cm, and blood transfusion of over 5 units. Conclusion: Endoscopic injection sclerotherapies using ethanolamine oleate or absolute ethanol are safe and equally effective for bleeding peptic ulcers.     

State-of-the-Art Management of Acute Bleeding Peptic Ulcer Disease

The management of patients with non variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding has evolved, as have its causes and prognosis, over the past 20 years. The addition of high-quality data coupled to the publication of authoritative national and international guidelines have helped define current-day standards of care. This review highlights the relevant clinical evidence and consensus recommendations that will hopefully result in promoting the effective dissemination and knowledge translation of important information in the management of patients afflicted with this common entity.     

超声引导下压迫修复法与凝血酶注射法治疗假性动脉瘤的对比研究

目的 对比研究超声引导下压迫修复法(UGCR)与凝血酶注射法(UGTI)治疗假性动脉瘤的临床价值.方法 回顾性研究利用UGCR和UGTI治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤的患者共63例,观察治疗成功时间和注射凝血酶的剂量.结果 38例行UGCR,治疗成功31例,治愈率81.5%;治疗时间8～120min,平均47min;25例患者行UGTI,瘤内血栓形成迅速,凝血酶用量为80～690 U,平均260 U;治疗时间为20～30 min,治愈率100%.结论 UGTI较UCCR治疗假性动脉瘤操作简便、临床效果可靠、并发症少、复发率低及患者痛苦少等优点,易于推广.     

球后注射联合云克治疗Graves眼病的疗效观察及护理

目的探讨33例球后注射联合静脉注射云克治疗Graves眼病的疗效观察及护理。方法用甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠20 mg+维生素B120.5ug球后注射,联合静脉注射云克11 mg(鍀[99TC]亚甲基二膦酸盐注射液),每日1次,5次为1个疗程,注射1个疗程休息2周,连续注射5个疗程,3个月后随访观察记录自觉症状、眼征情况。结果 33例(59眼)患者接受治疗,显效率30.51%(18/59),有效率62.71%(37/59),无效率6.78%(4/59),总有效率93.22%;大部分患者畏光、流泪、眼胀眼痛等症状及充血水肿、眼睑浮肿等体征得到明显改善或消失。结论球后注射联合静脉注射云克治疗甲状腺相关眼病效果显著,不良反应小,安全性高。     

二级麻醉药物喷射与挥发式蒸发器的设计与理论分析

目的:麻醉蒸发器是麻醉机的重要部件之一,针对目前的麻醉蒸发器药物输出浓度受各种因素的影响而无法达到高精度平稳给药的问题,设计二级麻醉药物喷射与挥发式蒸发器。方法:利用计算流体力学方法(CFD)及药物的物理特性对蒸发器内部药物流动、浓度场的变化进行三维计算,并对控制合理性进行论证。结果:计算出建立二级麻醉药物喷射与挥发式蒸发器三维模型的相关数据。结论:通过运用流体力学方法对各种数据进行计算,可为二级麻醉药物喷射与挥发式蒸发器的设计提供理论依据。     

Blowing Some Lines: Intracultural Variation Among Miami Cocaine Users

Abstract

The practice of injecting shared drugs, in which drug users prepare, divide and inject portions of a drug solution, is a means of transmitting HIV, HCV, and other blood-borne pathogens. This study examined the process of injecting shared drugs among drug users in San Juan, Puerto Rico, through detailed observations of 25 episodes of the injection of shared drugs, and by informal interviewing of episode participants. The ways in which price and packaging of drugs, access to drug preparation materials, and social and economic relations between drug-sharing “partners” influence the process of injecting shared drugs are explored. Because differential power relations, and in turn, injection drug users' exposure to HIV and HCV, are apparent in some drug-sharing partnerships, a key objective of this study was to extend our understanding of contributions or “investments” made by different drug-sharing partners, the benefits and costs that different partners experience, and the extent to which IDUs assume different partner roles. The findings of this small, in-depth qualitative study provide insight into drug users' motivations for injecting shared drugs, and suggest reasons why certain standardized, countrywide HIV/HCV intervention efforts have not been entirely successful in preventing the devastating illnesses that disproportionately affect injection drug users.     

酶电极法测定氯化琥珀胆碱注射液氯化胆碱及氯化琥珀胆碱含量

 目的：测定氯化琥珀胆碱注射液中氯化胆碱与氯化琥珀胆碱含量。方法：以固定化胆碱氧化酶（EC5896）结合H₂O₂电极构成电流型酶电极生物传感分析仪并与银量法对比测定。结果：酶电极法测定线性范围：0mg·L^－1～200mg·L^－1，精度RSD＜1．5％，响应时间：40s，固定化胆碱氧化酶膜使用寿命大于60d，实际测定氯化琥珀胆碱注射液中氯化胆碱含量；回收率：100．3％～102．3％。与银量法对比测定，两法测定结果的相关系数r＝0．9929。结论：采用酶电极法能准确测定氯化琥珀胆碱注射液中氯化胆碱及氯化琥珀胆碱含量。