我国2017年常规生化检验血液标本可接受性的现状调查

摘要：目的：调查2017年我国临床实验室常规生物化学（生化）检验血液标本可接受性的现状。 方法：向参加国家卫生健康委员会临床检验中心常规生化室间质量评价的临床实验室发放调查表,调查内容包括一般情况调查和标本不合格情况调查,要求各实验室记录从2017年7月1日至31日所有不合格标本的相关信息。实验室通过网络平台在线回报数据。 结果：共回收866份有效问卷,参与实验室接收的标本总数是15 981 752,不合格标本总数为12 200,总体拒收率为0.076%。不合格标本主要的拒收原因是溶血（33.98%）、标本量不足（10.78%）和乳糜血或脂血（10.62%）。标本拒收率与标本来源部门、容器类型、标本类型、运输方式和采血人员相关。 结论：我国不合格标本的接收与管理制度有待完善,实验室应提高对检验前阶段的重视,常规监控和多水平地分析不合格标本,识别原因并采取相应措施。     

Alternatives to animal testing: A review

The number of animals used in research has increased with the advancement of research and development in medical technology. Every year, millions of experimental animals are used all over the world. The pain, distress and death experienced by the animals during scientific experiments have been a debating issue for a long time. Besides the major concern of ethics, there are few more disadvantages of animal experimentation like requirement of skilled manpower, time consuming protocols and high cost. Various alternatives to animal testing were proposed to overcome the drawbacks associated with animal experiments and avoid the unethical procedures. A strategy of 3 Rs (i.e. reduction, refinement and replacement) is being applied for laboratory use of animals. Different methods and alternative organisms are applied to implement this strategy. These methods provide an alternative means for the drug and chemical testing, up to some levels. A brief account of these alternatives and advantages associated is discussed in this review with examples. An integrated application of these approaches would give an insight into minimum use of animals in scientific experiments.     

A Critical Review of Alcohol Administration Guidelines in Laboratory Medication Screening Research: Is It Time to Include Treatment Seekers?

Human laboratory studies play an important role in alcohol use disorder (AUD) medication development. Medications that are found to be safe and effective during human laboratory screening will then move to more expensive clinical trials in patient populations. Given the gatekeeping role of human laboratory studies in the medication development pipeline, it is critical that these studies accurately forecast how pharmacotherapies will perform under true-to-life clinical conditions. On the other hand, the design of these studies also must adhere to ethical guidelines: certain aspects of clinical reality cannot be incorporated into screening studies because doing so might place the participant at risk for harm or breach other ethical guidelines. Conventions exist that guide the resolution of these conflicting ideals. This article considers the practice of recruiting non–treatment-seeking heavy drinkers to participate in laboratory screening studies. By convention, volunteers are excluded from laboratory screening studies that involve alcohol administration if they are deemed “treatment seeking,” meaning that they recently stopped drinking or are motivated to do so. Although this common practice may reduce risk to participants, findings may not accurately predict medication effects on treatment seekers. Indeed, there is empirical evidence that treatment seekers differ from nontreatment seekers in their responses to medications (Neuropsychopharmacology 2017a; 42: 1776; Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2017b; 43: 703; J Psychiatr Res 2006; 40: 383). Here, we argue for the importance of recruiting treatment seekers for this research due to their qualitative difference from nontreatment seekers. We argue that these individuals should be the default population in human laboratory medication screening studies. We conclude by discussing 2 case examples of medication experiments led by our research groups that involved administering medications to treatment seekers.     

Serum and urinary lipoproteins in the human nephrotic syndrome: evidence for renal catabolism of lipoproteins

The urinary excretion of lipoproteins and the possibility of catabolic alterations on glomerular filtration were investigated in four nephrotic subjects differing in etiology, serum lipoprotein profile, and 24 hr urinary output of protein and lipids. The apolipoproteins and lipoproteins of urine were compared with those of serum with respect to distribution profile, physical properties, and composition. Lipoprotein particles resembling the serum very low, intermediate, low, and high density lipoproteins (VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL, respectively) in density, particle size, and morphology were isolated from the urine. As expected from molecular sieving effects during glomerular filtration, the urinary HDL were more abundant than the lower density lipoproteins even when the plasma LDL was elevated markedly. However, little sieving effect was seen within the urinary HDL, which comprised a broad spectrum of particle sizes including the larger HDL₂, whose average diameter was similar to that of the plasma HDL. A sieving effect was not seen in the urinary LDL, except for a greatly increased proportion, about 20% of total particles, of HDL-like species. Intact apolipoproteins were not found in the concentrated urinary fraction isolated by ultrafiltration between the limits of 10⁴ and 5 × 10⁴ daltons. On the basis of immunoreactivity, gel electrophoresis, and amino acid composition, apolipoproteins B and AI are the major and minor proteins, respectively, of urinary LDL, and apo B is the major protein of the urinary IDL and VLDL. Apolipoproteins AI, AII, CI, CIII, and possibly AIV were isolated from the urinary HDL. As much as 20% of the protein moiety of the urinary HDL appeared to be large apolipoprotein fragments with molecular weights and isoelectric points similar to those of apo CII and apo CIII. The fragments were derived in part from apo AI, the least acidic form of which was lost preferentially. The lower density classes of urinary lipoproteins also appeared to have lost apo E and apo C's and to have undergone partial proteolysis. Apparently, the surface-exposed, readily exchangeable apolipoproteins are subject to proteolytic degradation upon glomerular filtration.     

Influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory confirmed influenza in Greece during the 2013–2014 season: A test-negative study

BackgroundIn 2013–2014 Greece experienced a resurgence of severe influenza cases, coincidental with a shift to H1N1pdm09 predominance. We sought to estimate Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) for this season using available surveillance data from hospitals (including both inpatients and outpatients).MethodsSwab samples were sent by hospital physicians to one of three laboratories, covering the entire country, to be tested for influenza using RT-PCR. The test-negative design was employed, with patients testing positive serving as cases and those testing negative serving as controls. VE was estimated using logistic regression, adjusted for age group, sex, region and calendar time, with further adjustment for unknown vaccination status using inverse response propensity weights. Additional age group stratified estimates and subgroup estimates of VE against H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 were calculated.ResultsOut of 1310 patients with known vaccination status, 124 (9.5%) were vaccinated, and 543 patients (41.5%) tested positive for influenza. Adjusted VE was 34.5% (95% CI: 4.1–55.3%) against any influenza, and 56.7% (95% CI: 22.8–75.7%) against H1N1pdm09. VE estimates appeared to be higher for people aged 60 and older, while in those under 60 there was limited evidence of effectiveness. Isolated circulating strains were genetically close to the vaccine strain, with limited evidence of antigenic drift.ConclusionsThese results suggest a moderate protective effect of the 2013–2014 influenza vaccine, mainly against H1N1pdm09 and in people aged 60 and over. Vaccine coverage was very low in Greece, even among groups targeted for vaccination, and substantial efforts should be made to improve it. VE can and should be routinely monitored, and the results taken into account when deciding on influenza vaccine composition for next season.     

离子色谱法测定实验动物环境空气中的氨

目的 建立一种用抑制电导离子色谱仪测定实验动物环境空气中氨的方法。方法 以稀硫酸作为吸收液采集空气中的氨,使氨在吸收液中转化为铵离子,选用抑制型电导检测器,CS12A阳离子分析柱,以甲磺酸作为淋洗液,通过测定吸收液中的铵离子的含量来计算空气中氨的浓度。结果 铵离子在0~1.00 μg/mL范围内具有良好的线性(r=0.9991),方法精密度高(RSD<6.38%),最低检出浓度为0.012 mg/m³,方法的平均回收率98.8%。结论 该法操作简便,无干扰离子影响,可作为实验动物环境空气中氨的测定方法。     

实验动物品系数据库的建立

目的基于国内外部分实验动物数据库和文献,收集整理世界上现有的200多种共计26 000多个品系的实验动物数据,建立关系型检索数据库,使其成为世界上最大最全的实验动物品系数据库。方法构建基于My SQL数据库软件的中小型数据库,建立检索界面、录入界面和数据库接口。结果本文建立了实验动物品系数据库,已经收录小鼠品系数据21 596条;大鼠品系数据2062条;猴品系数据13条;地鼠品系数据2条;犬品系数据5条;兔品系数据5条。以后会逐步完善数据,实现实验动物品系数据库的定期更新。讨论该数据库的建立方便我国科研人员查阅和使用国内外实验动物品系资源,为引进欧美日等发达国家的实验动物品系资源提供链接。     

细菌性角膜溃疡误诊原因及预后分析

目的研究细菌性角膜溃疡的特点,分析引起误诊的原因,探讨影响患者预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析。以2011年1月至2013年12月间山东省眼科医院收治的83例(83只眼)确诊为细菌性角膜溃疡的患者作为研究对象。通过统计患者误诊疾病、发病诱因、眼部临床表现、就诊医院、所行辅助检查等,分析误诊原因。通过统计不同确诊时间的患者药物、手术治疗的情况,分析误诊患者确诊前病程与其预后的关系。结果 83例患者的发病诱因中49例有各种角膜外伤史,包括植物性外伤22例(占26.5%)。42例患者眼部临床表现为病史迁延、病灶边界不清,伴类似伪足或类似卫星灶、类似内皮斑等。33例患者于首诊医院误诊,误诊疾病分别为真菌性角膜炎28例(占33.7%)、病毒性角膜炎5例(占6.0%)。首诊医院为省市级医院的误诊率为29.3%,县级及以下医院的误诊率为50.0%。省市级医院行角膜刮片及培养者占70.7%,刮片阳性率27.6%。县级及以下医院行实验室检查者仅占30.1%,刮片阳性率15.4%。预后:误诊患者中确诊前病程≤2周者药物治愈6例(占30.0%),行角膜病灶切除治愈4例(占20.0%),行角膜移植治愈10例(50.0%),总治愈率100%。病程大于2周者,药物治愈2例(占15.4%),行角膜病灶切除治愈3例(占23.1%),行角膜移植治愈6例(46.1%),行眼内容剜除2例(占15.4%),总治愈率84.6%。结论目前细菌性角膜溃疡的误诊率仍较高,普及严格、规范的实验室检测结合其他辅助检查能有效降低误诊率。早确诊、早治疗有助于改善误诊患者预后。