五种国产与进口小鼠病毒ELISA抗体检测试剂盒的比较研究

目的评价国产小鼠病毒抗体ELISA检测试剂盒。方法选择国产与进口小鼠淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎病毒(LCMV)、肝炎病毒(MHV)、仙台病毒(SV)、腺病毒(MAV)、细小病毒(MPV)ELISA抗体检测试剂盒,进行敏感性、特异性、精密性、稳定性、可信度试验比较。结果国产与进口试剂盒:同种试剂盒之间灵敏度相差最低为2倍,差异显著(P<0.05),最高为16倍,差异极显著(P<0.01);特异性试验显示每种试剂盒,与其他4种病毒均无交叉反应;精密性试验显示5种试剂盒批内平均变异系数均小于10%;稳定性试验显示5种试剂盒相对偏差均小于25%;分别选择已知36份小鼠血清进行检测,国产和进口LCMV、MHV、SV、MPV符合率均为100%;国产MAV符合率为86.1%,进口MAV符合率均为100%,二者之间差异极显著(P<0.01)。结论除国产MAV试剂盒敏感性、可信度低于进口外,国产LCMV、MHV、SV、MPV试剂盒与进口同种试剂盒相比,在敏感性、特异性、精密性、稳定性和可信度方面均良好。     

High Diversity and Ancient Common Ancestry of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is the prototype of the family Arenaviridae. LCMV can be associated with severe disease in humans, and its global distribution reflects the broad dispersion of the primary rodent reservoir, the house mouse (Mus musculus). Recent interest in the natural history of the virus has been stimulated by increasing recognition of LCMV infections during pregnancy, and in clusters of LCMV-associated fatal illness among tissue transplant recipients. Despite its public health importance, little is known regarding the genetic diversity or distribution of virus variants. Genomic analysis of 29 LCMV strains collected from a variety of geographic and temporal sources showed these viruses to be highly diverse. Several distinct lineages exist, but there is little correlation with time or place of isolation. Bayesian analysis estimates the most recent common ancestor to be 1,000–5,000 years old, and this long history is consistent with complex phylogeographic relationships of the extant virus isolates.     

Depletion of GTP pool is not the predominant mechanism by which ribavirin exerts its antiviral effect on Lassa virus

Ribavirin (1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is the standard treatment for Lassa fever, though its mode of action is unknown. One possibility is depletion of the intracellular GTP pool via inhibition of the cellular enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). This study compared the anti-arenaviral effect of ribavirin with that of two other IMPDH inhibitors, mycophenolic acid (MPA) and 5-ethynyl-1-β-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR). All three compounds were able to inhibit Lassa virus replication by ≥2 log units in cell culture. Restoring the intracellular GTP pool by exogenous addition of guanosine reversed the inhibitory effects of MPA and EICAR, while ribavirin remained fully active. Analogous experiments performed with Zaire Ebola virus showed that IMPDH inhibitors are also active against this virus, although to a lesser extent than against Lassa virus. In conclusion, the experiments with MPA and EICAR indicate that replication of Lassa and Ebola virus is sensitive to depletion of the GTP pool mediated via inhibition of IMPDH. However, this is not the predominant mechanism by which ribavirin exerts its in-vitro antiviral effect on Lassa virus.     

CD8 T cell defect of TNF-α and IL-2 in DNAM-1 deficient mice delays clearance in vivo of a persistent virus infection

DNAM-1 gene-deficient (−/−) mice take significantly longer to clear an acute and persistent LCMV infection in vivo than DNAM-1 +/+ mice. During acute LCMV priming, at the single cell level, DNAM-1 −/− mice made significantly less cytoplasmic CD8 TNF-α and IL-2 but not IFN-γ than their DNAM-1 +/+ counterparts. Restimulated immune memory CD8 T cells from DNAM-1 −/− and DNAM-1 +/+ mice were equivalent in cytolytic activity against LCMV-infected target cells but DNAM-1 −/− CD8 T cells had significant reductions in TNF-α and IL-2 that were associated on adoptive transfer with the inability to terminate the persistent viral infection.     

Intrinsic defects in CD8 T cells with aging contribute to impaired primary antiviral responses

Aging is associated with altered immune responses, particularly with a diminished CD8 T cell response. Although both intrinsic and extrinsic factors are hypothesized to impact this decreased T cell response, the direct evidence of an intrinsic deficiency in virus-specific CD8 T cells is limited. In this study, a TCR transgenic (Tg) P14 mouse model was utilized to compare the activation and proliferation of the Tg CD8 T cells of young and aged P14 mice upon stimulation with antigen or infection with virus. The proliferation of purified Tg CD8 T cells of aged mice was significantly lower than that of young mice when cultured in vitro with both the LCMV specific peptide and antigen presenting cells from young wild type mice. In addition, expression of the activation markers, CD69, CD25, and CD44, was delayed on Tg T cells of aged mice after stimulation. Importantly, while adoptive transfer of purified Tg CD8 T cells of young or aged mice into young wild type mice resulted in expansion of the Tg CD8 T cells of both ages after LCMV infection, the expansion of the Tg T cells from aged mice was significantly decreased compared with that of the Tg T cells from young mice. However, while the number of IFN-γ secreting Tg CD8 T cells from aged mice was significantly decreased compared to that of young mice, the percentages of Tg CD8 T cells producing IFN-γ were similar in young and aged mice, demonstrating that proliferation, but not function, of the Tg CD8 T cells of aged mice was impaired. Importantly, chronological age alone was not sufficient to predict an altered proliferative response; rather, expression of high levels of CD44 on CD8 T cells of aged mice reflected a decreased proliferative response. These results reveal that alterations intrinsic to CD8 T cells can contribute to the age-associated defects in the primary CD8 T cell response during viral infection.