ADHD和抽动障碍共病儿童的智力结构分析

目的 探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)和抽动障碍(TD)共病病儿的智力结构特征.方法 采用韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WISC)对ADHD伴TD共病组、单纯ADHD组及正常儿童(对照组)各100例进行智力测验,分别计算各分测验的量表分、言语智商(VIQ)、操作智商(PIQ)和总智商(FIQ),进行对比分析.结果 ADHD伴TD共病组病儿C-WISC言语量表中的知识、算术、词汇、理解分测验以及操作量表中的填图、积木分测验及VIQ、PIQ、FIQ均显著低于正常对照组(F=5.48～1 851.04,q=4.38～10.76,P<0.01).单纯ADHD组言语量表中的知识、词汇、理解分测验及操作量表中的填图、积木分测验及VIQ、PIQ、FIQ均显著低于正常对照组(F=7.42～1 851.04,q=3.32～77.78,P<0.01).ADHD伴TD共病组所有分测验得分均低于单纯ADHD组,其中言语量表中的分类、算术、理解分测验以及VIQ、FIQ两组比较有显著性差异(F=3.64～1 851.04,q=3.27～70.76,P<0.05).结论 ADHD伴TD共病、单纯ADHD病儿均存在智力发育落后及智力结构发展不平衡的状况,ADHD伴TD共病组病儿脑损伤更为严重,应引起重视.     

婴幼儿缺铁性贫血对智能发育的影响

缺铁性贫血是婴幼儿期常见疾病,本文综述了铁缺乏症引起人类或动物行为改变的生理生化基础,近年来国内外对缺铁性贫血儿童智能发育的研究情况。缺铁影响大脑的发育,缺铁时单胺氧化酶、多巴胺、能量代谢紊乱,可能是缺铁性贫血儿童智能改变的理化基础。缺铁性贫血可影响儿童的运动、认知、学习能力、视听觉的发育,并可能对智能发育存在长期影响。     

首发脑卒中后抑郁相关因素的临床研究

目的研究生物、心理、社会因素与卒中后抑郁的关系。方法选择６２例单一首发病灶的脑卒中病人作为研究对象，用汉密顿抑郁量表、修订韦氏成人智力量表四合一简式、艾森克个性问卷（ＥＰＱ）、社会支持评定量表和老年抑郁量表作检测。结果１前部和皮质病灶抑郁分高于后部和皮质下；２抑郁与智力呈极显著负相关，与ＥＰＱＮ分、Ｐ分呈显著正相关；３多元回归分析发现生物、心理、社会因素均与卒中后抑郁有关。结论生物、心理、社会因素对脑卒中后抑郁的产生均有影响，临床医生应重视易患因素，早期治疗卒中后抑郁。     

碘缺乏病病区母体孕产期服用碘油丸对子代智商的影响

目的 了解母体孕产期服用碘油丸对子代智商的影响。方法 采用双盲法测定碘缺乏病病区母体孕产期有无服用碘油丸出生的儿童智商(IQ)。结果 母体孕产期服用碘油丸儿童轻度智力发育落后的发生率为1．1％明显低于母体孕产期未服用碘油丸儿童中轻度智力发育落后的发生率(4．6％)。结论 母体孕产期服用碘油丸可有效降低轻度智力发育落后的发生率。     

母亲患妊高征对儿童认知功能发育的影响

通过智商测定及神经心理学测验来研究母亲孕期患妊高征的儿童在６岁时的认知功能发育情况，结果发现，与正常对照组相比，妊高征组智商值没有显著性差异，但视觉运动功能似乎有所减弱。     

Longitudinal psychological assessment in tetralogy of Fallot

Summary To determine whether preoperative psychological testing in children with cyanotic heart disease could provide an accurate estimate of adult performance, we studied 21 subjects (mean age, 30.3±4.8 years) who had undergone surgical repair for tetralogy of Fallot between 1958 and 1966 (mean age, 8.7±3.9 years); 17 received childhood preoperative testing (mean age, 8.9±4.2) and four had early postoperative testing. Follow-up psychological tests administered in 1983 included Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised, Jackson Personality Research Form E, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and a questionnaire-interview on educational, occupational, and psychosocial status. Adult IQ (x=93.4±15.6) and child IQ (x=97.5±14.6) scores were highly correlated (r=0.87,p<0.01), revealing considerable stability across 22.3±2.2 years. On 17 of 22 Jackson personality scales, the subjects (S) were within the normal range. Scoring below the 16th percentile were 11/21 S on intellectual curiosity, 9/21 S on adaptability to change, and 8/21 S on leadership skills. Scoring above the 84th percentile were 8/21 S on harm avoidance and 8/21 S on giving nurturance to others. Univariate one-way ANOVAs indicated that those subjects with the higher IQ scores had the higher incomes, job levels, and educational attainments. We conclude that the results of perioperative psychological testing in children with tetralogy of Fallot are congruent with postoperative adult intellectual and psychosocial status.     

Patterns of cerebral white matter damage and cognitive impairment in adolescents born very preterm

There is increasing evidence about the presence of white matter damage in subjects with a history of premature birth, even in those classified as good outcome because of an apparently normal development. Although intellectual performance is within normal limits in premature children it is significantly decreased compared to paired controls. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between a lower performance intelligence quotient and white matter damage in preterm adolescents. The sample comprised 44 adolescents (mean age ± S.D.: 14.4 ± 1.6 years) born before 32 weeks of gestational age and 43 term-born adolescents (14.5 ± 2.1 years). Individual voxel-based morphometry analyses demonstrated that 35/44 (80%) preterm subjects had white matter abnormalities. The centrum semiovale and the posterior periventricular regions were the most frequently affected areas. Correlation analysis showed that in preterms the performance intelligence quotient correlated with the whole-brain white matter volume (r = 0.32; P = 0.036) but not with grey matter volume. Complementary analysis showed that low scores in the Digit Symbol subtest, a measure of processing speed, in the preterm group correlated with reductions in white matter concentration. These results suggest that white matter damage is highly common and that it persists until adolescence. Hence, diffuse white matter loss may be responsible for performance intelligence quotient and processing speed decrements in subjects with very preterm birth.     

Severe Deterioration in Cognitive Function and Personality in Five Patients with Long-standing Diabetes: A Complication of Diabetes or a Consequence of Treatment?

Changes in mood, personality, and social function were examined in a group of five Type 1 diabetic patients, aged 50 to 66 years, with duration of diabetes from 24 to 47 years. Information on medical history was obtained from their carers and hospital records. All patients had experienced multiple episodes of severe hypoglycaemia and had impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia. Cerebral dysfunction predated the development of minimal diabetic complications and had been apparent for between 1 and 17 years. The carers assessed the pre-morbid and present behaviour and personality of the patients using standard questionnaires. Significant deteriorations were demonstrated in cognitive (p = 0.04) and social functions (p = 0.04), compared with assessment of pre-morbid function. Patients had tended to become more neurotic (p = 0.08) and less extravert (p = 0.07). All of the patients and three of the carers recorded scores suggestive of psychiatric morbidity on the General Health Questionnaire. The patients had experienced loss of employment and the carers described a reduction in the patients' social interactions. Although the aetiology of their cerebral dysfunction can not be definitely ascertained this case series emphasizes the need for long-term prospective studies in patients with diabetes of long duration to assess the impact of the disorder on cognitive and social abilities particularly where there is evidence of cerebral dysfunction. The need for professional support for the carers of such patients should be recognized.