TGF-β inhibits metastasis in late stage human squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by a mechanism that does not involve Id1

It is now generally accepted that TGF-β acts as a pro-metastatic factor in advanced human breast cancer. However, it is well documented, that TGF-β is context dependent, and whether the TGF-β pathway switches to promote metastasis during the progression of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is unknown. This study examined the role of TGF-β signalling in SCC using a series of genetically related keratinocyte cell lines representing later stages of the disease, stably transduced with a dominant negative TβRII cDNA (dnTβRII). We demonstrated that clones expressing dnTβRII lost their growth inhibitory response to TGF-β in vitro, while ligand expression remained unchanged. Following transplantation of transduced cells to athymic mice in vivo, we showed that attenuation of the TGF-β signal resulted in a loss of differentiation and increased metastasis. In human tissue samples loss of TGF-β signal transduction as measured by pSmad2 activity also correlated with a loss of differentiation. Id1, previously shown to be down regulated by TGF-β, an inhibitor of differentiation and associated with metastasis, was weakly expressed in focal areas of a small number of human tumours but expression did not correlate with low levels of pSmad2. Our data demonstrate that TGF-β does not switch to promote metastasis in late stage human SCC of the skin and that inhibition of TGF-β signalling results in a loss of differentiation and increased metastasis in the later stages of this disease.     

HLH缺失型Id2候选相互作用蛋白

目的:筛选可以与螺旋-环-螺旋(HLH)结构域缺失的Id2相互作用的蛋白.方法:用重叠延伸PCR方法将Id2中的HLH结构域缺失,并插入到pGBKT7载体,构建 BD∶ Id2-DBM-δHLH融合诱饵质粒;构建MCF-7细胞的ds cDNA文库;采用共转化方法进行Id2-DBM-δHLH相互作用蛋白的酵母双杂交筛选,采用PCR方法扩增阳性克隆中的AD∶ cDNA序列并测序;将获得的AD∶ cDNA质粒分别与BD∶ Id2-DBM-δHLH诱饵质粒共转化酵母进行配对验证.结果:酵母双杂交方法共筛选到19个阳性克隆,PCR方法在这19个克隆中共扩增到28条片段,序列测定证实含18个不同的基因,对其中的13个进行配对验证后证实了其中8个与HLH缺失型Id2相互作用,这8个基因分别是:UXT、VIM、KRT7、FHL2、SEI1、PCBP1、SIVA和LSM2.结论:本研究首次利用HLH缺失型Id2作为诱饵,利用酵母双杂交技术筛选识别了一族新的Id2相互作用蛋白,为进一步研究Id2的功能调控以及非HLH依赖的功能活性奠定基础.     

The expression of a private idiotope requires pretreatment with noncomplementary anti-idiotypic antibodies

The levan-binding ABPC48 myeloma protein is characterized by 3 idiotopes, (Ids), defined by 3 syngeneic monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies (IDA 10, IDA 16 and IDA 17). When BALB/c mice are immunized with levan, they produce anti-levan antibodies, some of which carry the Id 10 and Id 16 but not the Id 17 determinants. In the present study, we attempted to induce the synthesis of Id 17 positive anti-levan molecules. We found that immunization with IDA 17 antibodies alone was ineffective in inducing an Id 17 positive anti-levan response. By contrast, successive immunizations with IDA 10, IDA 16 and IDA 17 antibodies resulted in the synthesis of Id 17 positive anti-levan immunoglobulins. The synthesis of these molecules was concommitant with the induction of Id 10 and Id 16 positive anti-levan antibodies. Thus our data suggest that the Id 17 determinant on anti-levan antibodies is coexpressed with Id 10 and Id 16, and that successive anti-idiotypic treatment may result in the selective expansion of rare ABPC48 cross-reactive idiotype B-cell clone precursors.     

Id helix-loop-helix proteins are differentially expressed in gestational trophoblastic disease

AIMS: To assess the expression of Id proteins in trophoblastic tissues and to correlate this with clinical parameters, proliferative and apoptotic indices as well as to related oncogene expression. METHODS AND RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry for Id1, Id2, Id3 and Id4 was performed on 83 trophoblastic tissues including 17 normal first-trimester placentas, seven term placentas, 47 hydatidiform moles (HM), and 12 spontaneous miscarriages. The four Id proteins were predominantly expressed in the villous and implantation site intermediate trophoblast. Expression of Id1 in HM was significantly higher than that in normal placenta (P = 0.0006) and spontaneous miscarriage (P = 0.0001) but did not correlate with subsequent development of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). Id1 expression correlated with the proliferation index as assessed by MCM7 (P = 0.003) and Ki67 (P = 0.017) and with the apoptotic activity assessed by TUNEL (P = 0.001) and M30 CytoDeath antibody (P = 0.013). Moreover, the expression of Id1 correlated with the expression of p53 (P = 0.004), p21(WAF1) (/CIP1) (P = 0.003) but not with p16 (P = 0.107). CONCLUSIONS: Id proteins may play a role in the regulation of proliferative and apoptotic activity in trophoblastic tissue and are potentially useful in differentiating molar and non-molar gestation, but are not helpful in predicting GTN.     

Expression of genes involved in the regulation of p16 in psoriatic involved skin

It has been suggested that the up-regulation of the tumour suppressor p16 gene and induction of senescence protect the phenotype of psoriatic involved skin from malignant transformation. On the other hand, Id1, which is inversely correlated with p16 has been shown to be up-regulated in psoriatic involved skin. To test the hypothesis that there may be an altered regulation of p16 in psoriatic involved skin, we have measured genes involved in the Igf-1 receptor signalling through the Ras/MAPK cascade. Igf-1R, IGFBP3, hRas, Ets2, JunB, Egr-1, Id1, MIDA1 and p16 gene expressions were measured using quantitative real-time PCR in total RNA isolated from punch biopsies from psoriatic involved (n=9) and uninvolved skin (n=9) and from cutaneous squamous cell cancer (SCC) involved (n=8) and uninvolved skin (n=8). The IGFBP3, hRas, JunB, Egr-1, Id1 and MIDA1 genes were up-regulated in psoriatic involved skin compared with uninvolved skin. The p16, JunB and MIDA1 genes were up-regulated in SCC involved skin compared with uninvolved skin. Our results indicate that there may be a balance between the proliferation and induction of senescence in psoriasis. This balance may vary and the psoriatic involved skin represented in this study appears to be in a proliferative state rather than senescence. Furthermore, we suggest that the noted up-regulation of JunB, which has been shown to up-regulate p16, in combination with the previously reported elevation of p16 expression in psoriatic involved skin, may indicate activation of a pathway by which JunB may protect the psoriatic plaque by inducing p16 in an event of malignant stress.     

Id4基因甲基化在急性白血病微量残留病检测中的意义

目的探讨Id4基因甲基化作为检测急性白血病（AL）微量残留病变指标的可行性.方法采用甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应（MS-PCR）技术对细胞系中不同比例的白血病细胞以及正常人、初诊和完全缓解期的AL患者骨髓进行Id4基因甲基化状态检测.结果MS-PCR方法可在低于1%白血病细胞中检测到Id4基因甲基化.Id4基因在正常骨髓中呈完全性非甲基化状态,初治急性髓系白血病（AML）和急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）患者中甲基化比例分别为84%和86%.Id4基因在完全缓解的ALL患者中甲基化比例达60.9%,高于完全缓解状态的AML患者.Id4基因甲基化检测阳性的14例ALL患者中有8例在12个月内复发,而甲基化检测阴性的9例ALL患者仅有1例复发.Id4基因呈甲基化状态的8例AML患者中有5例在12个月内复发,而Id4基因呈非甲基化的20例AML患者中12个月内仅有2例复发.结论MS-PCR检测Id4基因甲基化有可能作为AL微量残留病的检测方法.     

Long-term effects of idiotype vaccination on the specific T-cell response in peripheral blood and bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients

OBJECTIVES: To elucidate long-term effects of idiotype (Id) vaccination on Id-specific T cells of multiple myeloma (MM) patients and compare Id-specific T-cell responses of peripheral blood with those of bone marrow (BM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Id-specific T-cell responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were compared with those of BM mononuclear cells (BMMC) in 10 MM patients vaccinated with the Id protein at a median time of 41 months since the last immunization. The PBMC responses at late follow-up were also compared with those during active immunization. The responses were assessed by a proliferation assay, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) (gamma-interferon), cytometric bead array (CBA) for secreted cytokines and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) for cytokine gene expression. RESULTS: At the late testing time, an Id-specific response was detected in PBMC of five patients (ELISPOT, CBA, QRT-PCR) and in BMMC of four patients (CBA, QRT-PCR). A response in both compartments was noted only in three patients. The cytokines gene profile was consistent with a predominance of Th(2) cells [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10]. Comparison of the Id-specific responses of PBMC during active immunization with those at the late follow-up showed that the frequency and magnitude of the responses had decreased significantly by time (proliferation/ELISPOT) (P < 0.02) and shifted at the gene level from a Th(1) to a Th(2) profile (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Id-specific T-cells may decline overtime and shift toward a Th(2) response and may be found at a similar frequency of patients in blood and BM.