Oral taurine supplementation prevents fructose-induced hypertension in rats

Taurine is known to have antihypertensive and lipid-lowering effects in some experimental models and patients. On the other hand, intracellular free calcium and magnesium play important roles in regulating the tonus of blood vessels and insulin sensitivity. We examined the effect of oral taurine supplementation on blood pressure, serum metabolic parameters, and platelet cytosolic free calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) and magnesium ([Mg²⁺]_i) concentration in fructose-fed Sprague-Dawley rats. Systolic blood pressure and platelet [Ca²⁺]_i were significantly higher in rats fed a 60% fructose diet. Oral taurine supplementation (1% in drinking water) completely prevented the elevation of blood pressure and an increase in platelet [Ca²⁺]_i, but exacerbated hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and a decrease in platelet [Mg²⁺]_i. In conclusion, taurine may ameliorate fructose-induced hypertension in rats by preventing an increase in intracellular free calcium concentration. The blood pressure-lowering effect of taurine appeared to be independent from its effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in this model.     

内源性高甘油三酯血症存在胰岛素抵抗

为探讨内源性高甘油三酯血症是否存在胰岛素抵抗，本文对５３例内源性高甘油三酯血症患者及３３例年龄及性别相匹配的正常人的耐糖试验、胰岛素分泌试验、空腹血脂及血浆载脂蛋白进行了分析。结果发现，内源性高甘油三酯血症患者口服１００ｇ葡萄糖后血糖及血浆胰岛素水平明显增加，服糖后２ｈ血糖大于７．２２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，服糖后３ｈ血浆胰岛素仍未恢复至空腹水平；且血浆胰岛素面积和葡萄糖面积、血浆胰岛素面积与葡萄糖面积的百分比及胰岛素抵抗指数均明显高于正常对照组，说明内源性高甘油三酯血症患者存在胰岛素抵抗，出现高胰岛素血症及葡萄糖耐量降低。     

老年脑梗死患者高胰岛素血症的临床研究

目的：探讨高胰岛素血症（ＨＩＳ）,胰岛素抵抗（ＩＲ）与老年脑梗死发病的关系。方法：３４例６０岁以上老年脑梗死患者和２０例正常人的葡萄糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ）后血糖,胰岛素及其曲线下面积（ＡＵＣ）和胰岛素／血糖,血脂变化。结果;脑梗死组糖负荷后血糖,胰岛素,胰岛素／血糖,ＡＵＣ以及总胆固醇明显高于对照组,胰岛素敏感性指数及ＨＤＬ－Ｃ明显低于对照组,糖负荷后１小时,２小时胰岛素及其ＡＵＣ与舒张压呈正相关     

内源性高甘油三酯血症存在胰岛素抵抗

为探讨内源性高甘油三酯血症是否存在胰岛素抵抗，本文对５３例内源性高甘油三酯血症患者及３３例年龄及性别相匹配的正常人的耐糖试验，胰岛素分泌试验，空腹血脂及血浆载脂蛋白进行了分析，结果发现，内源性高甘油三酯血症患者口服１００ｇ葡萄糖后血糖及血浆胰岛素水平明显增加，服糖后２ｈ血糖大于７．２２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，服糖后３ｈ血浆胰岛素仍未恢复至空腹水平，且血浆胰岛素面积和葡萄糖面积，血浆胰岛素面积与葡萄糖面积的百     

非酒精性脂肪与胰岛素抵抗及糖代谢异常的关系

目的 探讨非酒精性脂肪肝（脂肪肝）与胰素抵抗及糖代谢异常之间的关系。方法 对４８例脂肪肝患者做胰岛素释放试验和葡萄糖耐量试验,计算胰岛素曲线下面积,血糖曲线下面积和胰岛素敏感性指标（血糖曲线下面积／胰岛素曲线下面积）,并以不嗜酒的正常人作为对照组。结果 脂肪肝组口服葡萄糖６０ｍｉｎ,１２０ｍｉｎ,１８０ｍｉｎ后胰岛素水平高于对照组且高峰后移;除１８０ｍｉｎ外脂肪肝组的各时点的血糖水平显著高于对照级     

短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对新诊断2型糖尿病患者胰岛素分泌和敏感性的影响

目的 探讨短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对新诊断2型糖尿病患者胰岛素敏感性和胰岛素分泌功能的影响.方法 选取2006年6月至2007年2月在本院就诊的新诊断2型糖尿病患者10例进行为期2周的胰岛素泵强化治疗,在治疗前和停泵24 h后分别进行两次静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(IVGTT)和高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹试验.结果 (1)在治疗前所有糖尿病患者均缺乏急性胰岛素分泌(AIR),经2周强化治疗使血糖正常后,所有患者AIR均有了不同程度地恢复[(7.63±4.73 vs 0.83±1.96)mU/L,P＜0.01)].AIR恢复较好的患者略为年轻和肥胖.(2)糖耐量正常志愿者平均葡萄糖输注率(GIR)为(8.26±2.48)mg·kg-1·min-1,而初发2型糖尿病患者在胰岛素泵强化治疗前GIR为(2.30±0.81)mg·kg-1·min-1(与正常者比,P＜0.01),胰岛素泵强化治疗后GIR升高到(5.33±1.43)mg·kg-1·min-1(P＜0.01).GIR升高显著的患者腰围和体重指数低、治疗前的平均血糖高.结论 短期胰岛素泵强化治疗使血糖"正常化",同时可改善胰岛细胞功能,提高胰岛素敏感性.     

The role of hyperinsulinaemia in screening for prediabetes in the adolescent population: A systematic literature review

Background/aimsPresent screening methods for Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) fall short of detecting prediabetes. This paper summarises the literature on the utility of insulin measurements (hyperinsulinemia) in detecting prediabetes in adolescents.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted using EMBASE and Medline. Relevant data on hyperinsulinemia in the adolescent population is narrated.ResultsThe database search identified 174 potential articles; 106 underwent a full-paper review, and 36 were included.ConclusionElevated fasting insulin is a marker of impaired insulin resistance and pending beta-cell dysfunction in at-risk adolescents and can be an early indicator of prediabetes.     

Fluorescence polarization of amniotic fluid from pregnant rhesus monkeys with chronic fetal hyperinsulinemia

The effect of chronic fetal hyperinsulinemia on the maturation of pulmonary surfactant was studied in 24 rhesus monkey pregnancies. An osmotically driven pump containing insulin or saline was implanted subcutaneously in a fetal limb at an average of 122 days (range: 113–130) of gestation in 13 pregnancies. The pump infused diluent with no insulin/day (N=3, sham-operated controls), or with 4.75 U/day (N=8), or 19 U/day (N=2) until delivery at an average of 143 days (134–148) of gestation (term is 165 days). Eleven additional animals were unoperated controls. Fetal hyperinsulinemia and macrosomia, prominent features of infants born to mothers with poorly controlled diabetes, were documented in the insulin treated animals. To assess the effect of fetal hyperinsulinemia on the maturation of pulmonary surfactant, fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene was measured in amniotic fluid before (at pump implantation) and after (at delivery) 17–21 days of treatment with insulin. The maturation of pulmonary surfactant was significantly enhanced (P<0.01) in the hyperinsulinemic fetuses (0.352±0.006 SEM, 143 days average) as compared with the eight delivered control animals matched for gestational age (0.388±0.010 SEM, 142 days average, 3 sham-operated, 5 unoperated). Supported in part by the NIH (NICHHD # 11343 and RR # 00168) and the Rhode Island Hospital Research Fund     

Fertility biomarkers to estimate metabolic risks in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

PurposeWe sought to evaluate the relationship between the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-defining characteristics and the risk of developing metabolic complications in women presenting with complaints of infertility and/or menstrual irregularities and subsequently diagnosed with PCOS.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study. Women presenting with complaints of infertility and/or irregular menses and diagnosed with PCOS by the Rotterdam criteria, underwent endocrine, metabolic, and ultrasound assessment in the early follicular phase. Reproductive and metabolic parameters were included in regression analysis models with the PCOS-defining characteristics; ROC curves were calculated for the significant predictors.ResultsThree hundred and seventy-four women with PCOS were included in our study. Oligo-anovulation, menstrual irregularities, and hirsutism were not predictive of any of the variables. Ovarian volume, follicle count, and biochemical hyperandrogenism were predictors for hormonal, metabolic, and endometrial complications. The relationships were independent of age and body mass index. ROC curves identified lower cut-off values of the PCOS-defining characteristics to predict patients’ risks of hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance.ConclusionsAdverse metabolic effects of PCOS are already present in women at the time they present complaining of infertility and/or irregular menses. Hyperandrogenism and ultrasound can assist in predicting the patients’ concomitant metabolic abnormalities and can aid physicians in tailoring counseling for effective preventive strategies.     

Prolonged hyperinsulinemia after subcutaneous injection of 2400 U regular insulin in a suicide attempt: Time course of serum insulin with frequent measurements

We studied the time course of serum insulin level in a patient who injected large amounts of regular insulin in an attempted suicide. A 58‐year‐old woman attempted suicide by subcutaneously injecting herself with 2400 U regular insulin. On arrival, the serum glucose level was 2.4 mmol/L (44 mg/dL) and the serum insulin level was 40,000 pmol/L (5700 μIU/mL). The serum insulin level was high, with a maximum of 110,000 pmol/L (16,000 μIU/mL) at 13 h after injection, followed by an initial rapid decrease and a subsequent slow decrease, with hyperinsulinemia lasting as long as 5 days after injection. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00211.x, 2012)