GLOMUS TUMORS──A REVIEW OF 8 CASES WITH INTRODUCTION OF A MODIFIED COMBINED INTRA-AND EXTRACRANIAL APPROACH

Eight cases of glomus tumors hospitalized in our department from 1982 through 1995 were reviewed. It comprised of five glomus tympanic tumors and three glomus jugular tumors. Discussion was centered on it’s contemporary diagnosis, classification and surgical treatment with introduction of a modified combined intra-and extracranial surgical approach to resect the extensive glomus tumors.     

咽旁间隙肿瘤及手术入路

为探讨咽旁间隙肿瘤的手术方法及入路的选择。报告６６例经各种手术入路治疗的良、恶性肿瘤。结果表明，经颈或经颈合并下颌及正中裂开外旋入路较之其他几种手术入路具有手术适应证广、安全、术后并发症少等优点。认为经颈或经颈合并下颌正中裂开外旋入路是一种安全、彻底切除咽旁间隙原发肿瘤效果最好的入路。     

肺气肿外科治疗的历史

为了探索治疗肺气肿的有效手术方法。人们在过去的一个世纪中付出了巨大的努力。回顾肺气肿外科治疗的发展历史,大致可分为早期探索,肺移植,肺减容术三个阶段。其中８０年代的肺移植术和９０年代发展的肺减容术被认为是治疗终末期气肿的最有效疗法。尤其是肺减术的应用为广大肺气肿患者的治疗提供了新希望。     

视神经鞘脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗(附13例报道)

目的探讨视神经鞘脑膜瘤的显微神经外科手术方法。方法收治13例视神经鞘脑膜瘤，根据肿瘤位置采用3种不同经颅入路：单侧额部入路、经额经眶上缘入路及经额颧经眶上缘入路，利用显微外科技术安全显露眶上裂外侧部、眶上裂中央部切除肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切11例，部分切除2例。术后13例患者的眼球突出均恢复正常，11例其它症状和体征也恢复或改善。术后动眼神经麻痹1例，患侧眼失明2例。结论熟悉显微神经外科解剖学，利用显微外科技术选择合适的经颅入路，可以提高视神经鞘脑膜瘤的全切除率，并使颅眶区的正常结构得到最大程度的保护。     

Cytoarchitectonic Basis for Safe Entry Into the Brainstem

This work is a continuation of the anatomical study in which safe approach zones through the floor of the fourth ventricle--infrafacial and suprafacial--were morphologically and morphometrically defined (Acta Neurochir (1997) 139: 1014-1019). The purpose of cytoarchitectonic study was to analyze correlation between morphometry of the facial colliculus and hypoglossal triangle and localization of the corresponding cranial nerves nuclei in the brainstem tegmentum in order to verify morphometrical borders of the previously defined zones. Morphometrical evaluation of the fourth ventricle floor of 10 examined brainstems was initially performed. Distances from obex to the rostral portion of hypoglossal triangle and facial colliculus were determined. Then a series of axial sections of each specimen, stained for Nissl substance, were analyzed to define the distance from obex to the rostral portion of the hypoglossal and abducens nuclei. Distances of motor trigeminal and facial nuclei from the midline sagittal plane were also measured. The obtained results allowed morphometrical determination of the infra-abducental and supra-abducental region of safe entry into the brainstem tegmentum. Infra-abducental region corresponds to infrafacial safe approach zone and supra-abducental to suprafacial zone. The distance of the rostral portion of facial colliculus from obex was longer than the distance of the rostral pole of abducens nucleus from obex in every examined specimen (by 0.7 mm on average). A very similar correlation between the distance of the rostral margin of hypoglossal triangle and localization of the rostral pole of hypoglossal nucleus was found. The rostral portion of hypoglossal triangle was longer by 1.5 mm on average. The obtained results show that previously defined infrafacial and suprafacial safe approach zones via the fourth ventricle floor correspond morphometrically to tegmental regions of safe entry--infra-abducental and supra-abducental respectively. It suggests that morphometrical evaluation of the fourth ventricle floor proposed by the authors could be useful in the intra-operative determination of safe entry via the rhomboid fossa into the brainstem tegmentum.     

Tentorial Meningiomas. Report on Twenty-Seven Cases

Summary ? Objective. Report our experience with 27 tentorial meningiomas (TM) surgically treated between 1985 and 1998.  Methods. The records of 27 patients with TMs were retrospectively reviewed for clinical presentation, neuroradiological evaluation, surgical treatment and long-term outcome. The extent of tumor resection was scored according to the Simpson's grading for tumor removal. Long-term results were evaluated according to the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS).  Results. The average age was 53 years. Female predominance was 74%. The most common complaints at presentation were headaches (51%), gait ataxia (33%), memory disturbances (30%) and hypo-acousia (30%). A classification of TMs into 5 subgroups according to tumor site is proposed on the basis of imaging studies. A cerebrospinal fluid shunt was established prior to direct approach in 7 patients and as the sole procedure in one inoperable patient. Twenty-seven direct approaches were undertaken in 26 patients, including 17 infratentorial and 10 supratentorial approaches. Total tumor removal was achieved in 20 patients (77%) and subtotal removal in 6 (23%). Fifteen patients (55%) experienced 22 postoperative complications. One patient died three months after a subtotal resection (mortality=3,7%). With a mean follow-up of 54 months, all 26 survivors are currently alive with 23 having resumed their normal activities and 3 needing assistance. Five of 6 patients with subtotal resection survived and were followed for a period ranging from 72 to 132 months: none showed residual tumor progression and no re-operation was considered. An additional patient experienced a ?true? recurrence 6 years after total removal, with no tumor progression 2 years after his recurrence was recognized.  Discussion. The best surgical approach to TMs is still a controversial matter. The advantages and drawbacks of conventional versus transbasal approaches are reviewed. Our experience suggests that subtotal removal can be associated with long recurrence-free intervals and preserved quality of life. TMs located at the tentorial edge carried a definitely worse prognosis than peripheral forms.     

枕下经颈-颈静脉突入路达颈静脉孔区的显微解剖研究

目的 研究一期切除颈静脉孔区复杂性肿瘤的微创手术人路。方法 选择经10％福尔马林固定成人头颈标本10具，显微镜下模拟枕下经颈一颈静脉突人路的手术操作，逐层显露颈静脉孔区，研究该区显微解剖特征及显露范围。结果 该人路直接沿乙状窦、颈内静脉的移行方向显露颈静脉孔区结构，其中后颅窝可经枕下显露，颞下窝藉寰椎与下颌升支间的自然间隙显露。通过切除颈静脉突和迷路下骨质分别自后、外、下和上方显露颈静脉孔。头侧直肌是界定颞下窝结构和枕下三角内结构的确切标志。后组颅神经，交感千和颈内动、静脉行于其前方，椎动脉寰椎上段及其周围的静脉丛行于其后方。结论 枕下经颈一颈静脉突人路可自多个方向充分显露颈静脉孔区结构，且可保护面神经、迷路、耳蜗和椎动脉等结构免受不必要的损伤。     

枕下远外侧入路解剖研究与临床应用

目的　探讨枕下远外侧入路的相关解剖研究和临床应用效果。方法　选用 2 0例成人头颅湿标本进行显微解剖测量。应用枕下远外侧入路切除枕大孔区和前外侧肿瘤 10例。结果　枕骨髁为术中重要的解剖标志 ,枕下三角为显露椎动脉的重要标志 ,枕下三角由三条肌肉形成 ,即头后大直肌、头上斜肌和头下斜肌。枕下三角内有椎动脉及肌支 ,椎静脉丛和颈 1神经。测量寰椎横突孔外缘至椎动脉入颅处距离 ,左侧 (16 .87± 2 .0 8)mm、右侧 (16 .79± 1.90 )mm。枕大孔区肿瘤 10例手术中 ,肿瘤全切 6例 ,次全切 3例 ,大部分切除 1例 ,无手术死亡。结论　枕下远外侧入路手术应了解枕大孔区的相关解剖参数和局部解剖结构 ,该入路优点能增加术野空间 ,最大程度上显露肿瘤组织 ,减少对脑干和重要血管神经牵拉。     

乙状窦后进路桥小脑角区手术并发症分析

目的总结乙状窦后进路桥小脑角区手术并发症的临床表现和发病机理,为临床医生提供相关观察指征和处理方法.方法回顾性分析1993年6月至2001年12月间进行的639例乙状窦后进路桥小脑角区手术的临床资料.结果639例患者中,出现的一般并发症有:眩晕、耳鸣、术侧唇部带状疱疹、暂时性面神经麻痹、皮下明胶海绵液化、伤口感染、眼睑下垂、脑脊液耳鼻漏等;严重并发症有:脑膜炎症22例,蛛网膜下腔出血3例,迟发性小脑血肿2例,化学性脑膜炎3例,应激性胃溃疡1例,脑血管意外致死亡1例.严重并发症发生率5.01%(32/639),经积极治疗,除死亡1例,其余均治愈出院.结论乙状窦后进路是切口小,难度大的手术,熟练的手术技巧是减少手术并发症的关键,及时发现和治疗是减少并发症死亡率的保证,了解并发症的类型和发病机理对预防和处理并发症是非常重要的.     

Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in freely-moving conscious rats: behavioral approach to a new model of visceral pain

PURPOSE: To develop a model of visceral pain in rats using a behavioral approach. Cyclophosphamide (CP), an antitumoral agent known to produce toxic effects on the bladder wall through its main toxic metabolite acrolein, was used to induce cystitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CP was administered at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg./kg. i.p. to male rats, and their behavior observed and scored. The effects of morphine (0.5 to 4 mg./kg. i.v.) on CP-induced behavioral modifications were tested administered alone and after naloxone (1 mg./kg. s.c.). In addition, 90 minutes after CP injection, that is, at the time of administration of morphine, the bladder was removed in some rats for histological examination. Finally, to show that the bladder is essential for the CP-induced behavioral modifications, female rats also received CP at doses of 200 mg./kg. i.p. and of 20 mg. by the intravesical route, and acrolein at doses of 0.5 mg. by the intravesical route and of 5 mg./kg. i.v. RESULTS: CP dose-relatedly induced marked behavioral modifications in male rats: breathing rate decrease, closing of the eyes and occurrence of specific postures. Morphine dose-dependently reversed these behavioral disorders. A dose of 0.5 mg./kg. produced a reduction of almost 50% of the behavioral score induced by CP 200 mg./kg. This effect was completely prevented by pretreatment with naloxone. At the time of administration of morphine, histological modifications of the bladder wall, such as chorionic and muscle layer edema, were observed. In female rats, CP 200 mg./kg. i.p. produced the same marked behavioral modifications as those observed in male rats. Administered at the dose of 20 mg. intravesically, CP did not produce any behavioral effects, whereas acrolein at 0.5 mg. intravesically induced behavioral modifications identical to those under CP 200 mg./kg. i.p., with the same maximal levels. Conversely, acrolein 5 mg./kg. i.v. did not produce any behavioral effects at all. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results indicate that this experimental model of CP-induced cystitis may be an interesting new behavioral model of inflammatory visceral pain, allowing a better understanding of these painful syndromes and thus a better therapeutic approach to them.